Linux操作系统-CentOS7启动流程和服务管理

　　　　　　　　　　　Linux操作系统-CentOS7启动流程和服务管理

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　作者：尹正杰

一.systemd

POST --> Boot Sequence --> Bootloader --> kernel + initramfs(initrd) --> rootfs --> /sbin/init

　　/sbin/init在各版本是不同的: 
　　　　CentOS  SysV init

　　　　CentOS  Upstart

　　　　CentOS  Systemd


什么是Systemd：
　　系统启动和服务器守护进程管理器，负责在系统启动或运行时，激活系统资源，服务器进程和其它进程


Systemd新特性

　　系统引导时实现服务并行启动

　　按需启动守护进程

　　自动化的服务依赖关系管理

　　同时采用socket式与D-Bus总线式激活服务

　　系统状态快照

核心概念：unit

　　unit表示不同类型的systemd对象，通过配置文件进行标识和配置；文件中主要包含了系统服务、监听socket、保存的系统快照以及其它与init相关的信息


配置文件:

　　/usr/lib/systemd/system:
　　　　每个服务最主要的启动脚本设置，类似于之前的/etc/init.d/

　　/run/systemd/system：
　　　　系统执行过程中所产生的服务脚本，比上面目录优先运行

　　/etc/systemd/system：
　　　　管理员建立的执行脚本，类似于/etc/rcN.d/Sxx的功能，比上面目录优先运行

1>.systemd管理瞬态服务(即替代CentOS 6.x系列的非独立服务xinetd管理程序)

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# yum -y install telnet-server　　　　　　　　　　#注意，CentOS .x版本安装telnet server服务时并不会安装xinetd服务，原因就是xinetd有了替代角色，那就是systemd程序。

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks

Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

 * base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn

 * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn

 * updates: mirror.jdcloud.com

Resolving Dependencies

--> Running transaction check

---> Package telnet-server.x86_64 :0.17-.el7 will be installed

--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================================================================================

 Package                               Arch                           Version                                Repository                    Size

================================================================================================================================================

Installing:

 telnet-server                         x86_64                         :0.17-.el7                          base                           k

Transaction Summary

================================================================================================================================================

Install   Package

Total download size:  k

Installed size:  k

Downloading packages:

telnet-server-0.17-.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                                                     |   kB  ::

Running transaction check

Running transaction test

Transaction test succeeded

Running transaction

  Installing : :telnet-server-0.17-.el7.x86_64                                                                                           /

  Verifying  : :telnet-server-0.17-.el7.x86_64                                                                                           / 

Installed:

  telnet-server.x86_64 :0.17-.el7                                                                                                            

Complete!

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# yum -y install telnet-server　　　　　　　　　　#注意，CentOS 7.x版本安装telnet server服务时并不会安装xinetd服务，原因就是xinetd有了替代角色，那就是systemd程序。

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status telnet.socket

● telnet.socket - Telnet Server Activation Socket

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: inactive (dead)

     Docs: man:telnetd()

   Listen: [::]: (Stream)

 Accepted: ; Connected:

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start telnet.socket 　　　　　　　　　　#注意启动tenlet服务是telnet.socket哟~若启动过程中没有输出就是最好的信号，若有输出基本上就是启动出错了

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status telnet.socket

● telnet.socket - Telnet Server Activation Socket

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: active (listening) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago

     Docs: man:telnetd()

   Listen: [::]: (Stream)

 Accepted: ; Connected: 

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Listening on Telnet Server Activation Socket.

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start telnet.socket 　　　　　　　　　　#注意启动tenlet服务是telnet.socket哟~若启动过程中没有输出就是最好的信号，若有输出基本上就是启动出错了

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntl | grep

LISTEN                    :::                      :::*

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntlp | grep 23　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#不难发现，在CentOS 6.x操作系统上是由xinetd服务管理，但在CentOS7.x操作系统上是由systemd进程来管理啦~

LISTEN                    :::                      :::*                   users:(("systemd",pid=,fd=))

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

2>.system可以自动化的服务依赖关系管理案例

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server　　　　　　　　　　　　#查看rpcbind和nfs-server服务，不难发现前者是开启的，后者是关闭的

● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

   Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 28s ago

  Process:  ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (rpcbind)

    Tasks:

   CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service

           └─ /sbin/rpcbind -w

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.

● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 12s ago

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES

S)  Process:  ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped NFS server and services.

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server　　　　　　　　　　　　#查看rpcbind和nfs-server服务，不难发现前者是开启的，后者是关闭的

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# rpm -ql telnet-server

/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket　　　　　　　　#"/usr/lib/systemd/system/"是CentOS 7存放每个服务的启动脚本，类似于CentOS的"/etc/init.d/"

/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet@.service

/usr/sbin/in.telnetd

/usr/share/man/man5/issue.net..gz

/usr/share/man/man8/in.telnetd..gz

/usr/share/man/man8/telnetd..gz

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# rpm -ql telnet-server　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#查看telnet-server软件包安装的文件列表

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#在rpcbind服务启动着的情况下启动nfs-server是可以正常启动的

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server

● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

   Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 2min 2s ago

  Process:  ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (rpcbind)

    Tasks:

   CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service

           └─ /sbin/rpcbind -w

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.

● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: active (exited) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES

S)  Process:  ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

    Tasks:

   CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#在rpcbind服务启动着的情况下启动nfs-server是可以正常启动的

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server

● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

   Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 3min 1s ago

  Process:  ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (rpcbind)

    Tasks:

   CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service

           └─ /sbin/rpcbind -w

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.

● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: active (exited) since Fri -- :: CST; 1min 0s ago

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES

S)  Process:  ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

    Tasks:

   CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket nfs-server　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#接下来我们将rpcbind和nfs-server服务关闭掉

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server

● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

   Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago

  Process:  ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped RPC bind service.

● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 21s ago

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES

S)  Process:  ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped NFS server and services.

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket nfs-server　　　　　　　　　#接下来我们将rpcbind和nfs-server服务关闭掉

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server

● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

   Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 1min 27s ago

  Process:  ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped RPC bind service.

● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: inactive (dead) since Fri -- :: CST; 1min 47s ago

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES

S)  Process:  ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopping NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Stopped NFS server and services.

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server　　　　　　　　　　#咱们单独启动nfs-server服务时，他会自动去启动未启动的依赖服务，即会自动地将rpcbind服务启动。

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server

● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)

   Active: active (running) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago

  Process:  ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (rpcbind)

    Tasks:

   CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service

           └─ /sbin/rpcbind -w

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting RPC bind service...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started RPC bind service.

● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: active (exited) since Fri -- :: CST; 1s ago

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=/SUCCES

S)  Process:  ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

  Process:  ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

 Main PID:  (code=exited, status=/SUCCESS)

    Tasks:

   CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Starting NFS server and services...

Dec  :: node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[]: Started NFS server and services.

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#咱们单独启动nfs-server服务时，他会自动去启动未启动的依赖服务，即会自动地将rpcbind服务启动。

二.Unit类型

1>.常见的unit类型概述

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl -t help　　　　　　　　#查看unit类型

Available unit types:

service

socket

busname

target

snapshot

device

mount

automount

swap

timer

path

slice

scope

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl -t help　　　　　　　　#查看unit类型

常见的unit类型介绍

　　service unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".service",用于定义系统服务

　　Target unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".target",用于模拟实现运行级别

　　Device unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".device",用于定义内核识别的设备

　　Mount unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".mount",定义文件系统挂载点

　　Socket unit:
　　　　文件扩展名为".socket",用于标识进程间通信用的socket文件，也可在系统启动时，延迟启动服务，实现按需启动。因为socket与服务程序是分离的。

　　Snapshot unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".snapshot",管理系统快照，保存各个unit的当前状态信息于持久存储设备中。

　　Swap unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".swap",用于标识swap设备

　　Automount unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".automount"文件系统的自动挂载点

　　Path unit: 
　　　　文件扩展名为".path",用于定义文件系统中的一个文件或目录使用,常用于当文件系统变化时，延迟激活服务，如:spool目录

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /usr/lib /lib -d

lrwxrwxrwx.   root root     Aug   : /lib -> usr/lib

dr-xr-xr-x.  root root  Aug   : /usr/lib

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /lib/systemd/system | wc -l

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system | wc -l

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ls /lib/systemd/system 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#存放unit类型的服务

abrt-ccpp.service                        iscsi.service                                  serial-getty@.service

abrtd.service                            iscsi-shutdown.service                         shutdown.target

abrt-oops.service                        iscsiuio.service                               shutdown.target.wants

abrt-pstoreoops.service                  iscsiuio.socket                                sigpwr.target

abrt-vmcore.service                      kdump.service                                  sleep.target

abrt-xorg.service                        kexec.target                                   -.slice

accounts-daemon.service                  kexec.target.wants                             slices.target

alsa-restore.service                     kmod-static-nodes.service                      smartcard.target

alsa-state.service                       kpatch.service                                 smartd.service

anaconda-direct.service                  ksm.service                                    sockets.target

anaconda-nm-config.service               ksmtuned.service                               sockets.target.wants

anaconda-noshell.service                 libstoragemgmt.service                         sound.target

anaconda-pre.service                     libvirtd.service                               sound.target.wants

anaconda.service                         lldpad.service                                 speech-dispatcherd.service

anaconda-shell@.service                  lldpad.socket                                  spice-vdagentd.service

anaconda-sshd.service                    local-fs-pre.target                            spice-vdagentd.socket

anaconda.target                          local-fs.target                                sshd-keygen.service

anaconda-tmux@.service                   local-fs.target.wants                          sshd.service

arp-ethers.service                       lvm2-lvmetad.service                           sshd@.service

atd.service                              lvm2-lvmetad.socket                            sshd.socket

auditd.service                           lvm2-lvmpolld.service                          sssd-autofs.service

auth-rpcgss-module.service               lvm2-lvmpolld.socket                           sssd-autofs.socket

autofs.service                           lvm2-monitor.service                           sssd-nss.service

autovt@.service                          lvm2-pvscan@.service                           sssd-nss.socket

avahi-daemon.service                     machine.slice                                  sssd-pac.service

avahi-daemon.socket                      machines.target                                sssd-pac.socket

basic.target                             mdadm-grow-continue@.service                   sssd-pam-priv.socket

basic.target.wants                       mdadm-last-resort@.service                     sssd-pam.service

blk-availability.service                 mdadm-last-resort@.timer                       sssd-pam.socket

bluetooth.service                        mdmonitor.service                              sssd-secrets.service

bluetooth.target                         mdmon@.service                                 sssd-secrets.socket

bolt.service                             messagebus.service                             sssd.service

brandbot.path                            microcode.service                              sssd-ssh.service

brandbot.service                         ModemManager.service                           sssd-ssh.socket

brltty.service                           multipathd.service                             sssd-sudo.service

canberra-system-bootup.service           multi-user.target                              sssd-sudo.socket

canberra-system-shutdown-reboot.service  multi-user.target.wants                        suspend.target

canberra-system-shutdown.service         ndctl-monitor.service                          swap.target

certmonger.service                       netcf-transaction.service                      sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount

cgconfig.service                         NetworkManager-dispatcher.service              sysinit.target

cgdcbxd.service                          NetworkManager.service                         sysinit.target.wants

cgred.service                            NetworkManager-wait-online.service             sys-kernel-config.mount

chrony-dnssrv@.service                   network-online.target                          sys-kernel-debug.mount

chrony-dnssrv@.timer                     network-pre.target                             syslog.socket

chronyd.service                          network.target                                 syslog.target.wants

chrony-wait.service                      nfs-blkmap.service                             sysstat.service

clean-mount-point@.service               nfs-client.target                              systemd-ask-password-console.path

colord.service                           nfs-config.service                             systemd-ask-password-console.service

configure-printer@.service               nfs-idmapd.service                             systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path

console-getty.service                    nfs-idmap.service                              systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service

console-shell.service                    nfs-lock.service                               systemd-ask-password-wall.path

containerd.service                       nfslock.service                                systemd-ask-password-wall.service

container-getty@.service                 nfs-mountd.service                             systemd-backlight@.service

cpupower.service                         nfs-rquotad.service                            systemd-binfmt.service

crond.service                            nfs-secure.service                             systemd-bootchart.service

cryptsetup-pre.target                    nfs-server.service                             systemd-firstboot.service

cryptsetup.target                        nfs.service                                    systemd-fsck-root.service

ctrl-alt-del.target                      nfs-utils.service                              systemd-fsck@.service

cups-browsed.service                     nss-lookup.target                              systemd-halt.service

cups.path                                nss-user-lookup.target                         systemd-hibernate-resume@.service

cups.service                             ntpdate.service                                systemd-hibernate.service

cups.socket                              ntpd.service                                   systemd-hostnamed.service

dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service   numad.service                                  systemd-hwdb-update.service

dbus-org.freedesktop.import1.service     oddjobd.service                                systemd-hybrid-sleep.service

dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service     packagekit-offline-update.service              systemd-importd.service

dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service      packagekit.service                             systemd-initctl.service

dbus-org.freedesktop.machine1.service    paths.target                                   systemd-initctl.socket

dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service   plymouth-halt.service                          systemd-journal-catalog-update.service

dbus.service                             plymouth-kexec.service                         systemd-journald.service

dbus.socket                              plymouth-poweroff.service                      systemd-journald.socket

dbus.target.wants                        plymouth-quit.service                          systemd-journal-flush.service

debug-shell.service                      plymouth-quit-wait.service                     systemd-kexec.service

default.target                           plymouth-read-write.service                    systemd-localed.service

default.target.wants                     plymouth-reboot.service                        systemd-logind.service

dev-hugepages.mount                      plymouth-start.service                         systemd-machined.service

dev-mqueue.mount                         plymouth-switch-root.service                   systemd-machine-id-commit.service

dm-event.service                         polkit.service                                 systemd-modules-load.service

dm-event.socket                          postfix.service                                systemd-nspawn@.service

dmraid-activation.service                poweroff.target                                systemd-poweroff.service

dnsmasq.service                          poweroff.target.wants                          systemd-quotacheck.service

docker.service                           printer.target                                 systemd-random-seed.service

docker.socket                            proc-fs-nfsd.mount                             systemd-readahead-collect.service

dracut-cmdline.service                   proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount              systemd-readahead-done.service

dracut-initqueue.service                 proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount                  systemd-readahead-done.timer

dracut-mount.service                     psacct.service                                 systemd-readahead-drop.service

dracut-pre-mount.service                 qemu-guest-agent.service                       systemd-readahead-replay.service

dracut-pre-pivot.service                 quotaon.service                                systemd-reboot.service

dracut-pre-trigger.service               radvd.service                                  systemd-remount-fs.service

dracut-pre-udev.service                  rc-local.service                               systemd-rfkill@.service

dracut-shutdown.service                  rdisc.service                                  systemd-shutdownd.service

ebtables.service                         rdma-hw.target                                 systemd-shutdownd.socket

emergency.service                        rdma-load-modules@.service                     systemd-suspend.service

emergency.target                         rdma-ndd.service                               systemd-sysctl.service

fcoe.service                             rdma.service                                   systemd-timedated.service

final.target                             realmd.service                                 systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service

firewalld.service                        reboot.target                                  systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer

firstboot-graphical.service              reboot.target.wants                            systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service

flatpak-system-helper.service            remote-cryptsetup.target                       systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service

fprintd.service                          remote-fs-pre.target                           systemd-udevd-control.socket

fstrim.service                           remote-fs.target                               systemd-udevd-kernel.socket

fstrim.timer                             rescue.service                                 systemd-udevd.service

fwupdate-cleanup.service                 rescue.target                                  systemd-udev-settle.service

fwupd-offline-update.service             rescue.target.wants                            systemd-udev-trigger.service

fwupd.service                            rhel-autorelabel-mark.service                  systemd-update-done.service

gdm.service                              rhel-autorelabel.service                       systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service

geoclue.service                          rhel-configure.service                         systemd-update-utmp.service

getty-pre.target                         rhel-dmesg.service                             systemd-user-sessions.service

getty@.service                           rhel-domainname.service                        systemd-vconsole-setup.service

getty.target                             rhel-import-state.service                      system.slice

graphical.target                         rhel-loadmodules.service                       system-update.target

graphical.target.wants                   rhel-readonly.service                          system-update.target.wants

gssproxy.service                         rngd.service                                   target.service

halt-local.service                       rpcbind.service                                tcsd.service

halt.target                              rpcbind.socket                                 teamd@.service

halt.target.wants                        rpcbind.target                                 telnet@.service

hibernate.target                         rpc-gssd.service                               telnet.socket

hybrid-sleep.target                      rpcgssd.service                                timers.target

hypervfcopyd.service                     rpcidmapd.service                              timers.target.wants

hypervkvpd.service                       rpc_pipefs.target                              time-sync.target

hypervvssd.service                       rpc-rquotad.service                            tmp.mount

initial-setup-graphical.service          rpc-statd-notify.service                       tuned.service

initial-setup-reconfiguration.service    rpc-statd.service                              udisks2.service

initial-setup.service                    rsyncd.service                                 umount.target

initial-setup-text.service               rsyncd@.service                                unbound-anchor.service

initrd-cleanup.service                   rsyncd.socket                                  unbound-anchor.timer

initrd-fs.target                         rsyslog.service                                upower.service

initrd-parse-etc.service                 rtkit-daemon.service                           usb_modeswitch@.service

initrd-root-fs.target                    runlevel0.target                               usbmuxd.service

initrd-switch-root.service               runlevel1.target                               user.slice

initrd-switch-root.target                runlevel1.target.wants                         var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount

initrd-switch-root.target.wants          runlevel2.target                               vdo.service

initrd.target                            runlevel2.target.wants                         vgauthd.service

initrd.target.wants                      runlevel3.target                               virt-guest-shutdown.target

initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service        runlevel3.target.wants                         virtlockd-admin.socket

instperf.service                         runlevel4.target                               virtlockd.service

iprdump.service                          runlevel4.target.wants                         virtlockd.socket

iprinit.service                          runlevel5.target                               virtlogd-admin.socket

iprupdate.service                        runlevel5.target.wants                         virtlogd.service

iprutils.target                          runlevel6.target                               virtlogd.socket

ipsec.service                            saned@.service                                 vmtoolsd.service

irqbalance.service                       saned.socket                                   wacom-inputattach@.service

iscsid.service                           saslauthd.service                              wpa_supplicant.service

iscsid.socket                            selinux-policy-migrate-local-changes@.service  zram.service

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ls /lib/systemd/system 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#存放unit类型的服务

2>.service unit文件格式

/etc/systemd/system：

　　系统管理员和用户使用

/usr/lib/systemd/system：

　　发行版打包者使用

通用参数:

　　以"#"开头的行后面的内容会被认为是注释

　　相关布尔值，"1,yes,on,true"都是开启,"0,no,off,false"都是关闭

　　时间单位默认是秒，所以要用毫秒（ms）分钟（m）等须显式说明

service unit file文件通常由三部分组成：

　　[Unit]：

　　　　定义与Unit类型无关的通用选项；用于提供unit的描述信息、unit行为及依赖关系等

　　　　Unit段的常用选项：

　　　　　　Description：描述信息

　　　　　　After：定义unit的启动次序，表示当前unit应该晚于哪些unit启动，其功能与Before相反

　　　　　　Requires：依赖到的其它units，强依赖，被依赖的units无法激活时，当前unit也无法激活

　　　　　　Wants：依赖到的其它units，弱依赖

　　　　　　Conflicts：定义units间的冲突关系

　　[Service]：

　　　　与特定类型相关的专用选项；此处为Service类型

　　　　Service段的常用选项：

　　　　　　Type：定义影响ExecStart及相关参数的功能的unit进程启动类型

　　　　　　simple：默认值，这个daemon主要由ExecStart接的指令串来启动，启动后常驻于内存中

　　　　　　forking：由ExecStart启动的程序透过spawns延伸出其他子程序来作为此daemon的主要服务。原生父程序在启动结束后就会终止

　　　　　　oneshot：与simple类似，不过这个程序在工作完毕后就结束了，不会常驻在内存中

　　　　　　dbus：与simple类似，但这个daemon必须要在取得一个D-Bus的名称后，才会继续运作.因此通常也要同时设定"BusNname= "才行

　　　　　　notify：在启动完成后会发送一个通知消息。还需要配合NotifyAccess来让Systemd接收消息

　　　　　　idle：与simple类似，要执行这个daemon必须要所有的工作都顺利执行完毕后才会执行。这类的daemon通常是开机到最后才执行即可的服务

　　　　　　EnvironmentFile：环境配置文件

　　　　　　　　ExecStart：指明启动unit要运行命令或脚本的绝对路径

　　　　　　　　ExecStartPre： ExecStart前运行

　　　　　　　　ExecStartPost： ExecStart后运行

　　　　　　　　ExecStop：指明停止unit要运行的命令或脚本

　　　　　　　　Restart：当设定Restart= 时，则当次daemon服务意外终止后，会再次自动启动此服务

　　[Install]：

　　　　定义由“systemctl enable”以及"systemctl disable“命令在实现服务启用或禁用时用到的一些选项

　　　　Install段的常用选项：

　　　　　　Alias：别名，可使用systemctl command Alias.service

　　　　　　RequiredBy：被哪些units所依赖，强依赖

　　　　　　WantedBy：被哪些units所依赖，弱依赖

　　　　　　Also：安装本服务的时候还要安装别的相关服务

注意：
　　对于新创建的unit文件，或者修改了的unit文件，要通知systemd重载(systemctl daemon-reload)此配置文件,而后可以选择重启

3>.编写服务Unit文件案例让systemctl命令来管理

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /etc/systemd/system/bak.service　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#编写service类型脚本

[Unit]

Description= Add backup "/etc" service by yinzhengjie.

Requires=atd.service

[Service]

Type=simple

ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "echo /script/backup.sh|at now"

[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /etc/systemd/system/bak.service　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#编写service类型脚本

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /script/backup.sh　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#编写备份脚本

#!/bin/bash

#

#********************************************************************

#Author:        yinzhengjie

#QQ:

#Date:             --

#FileName：        backup.sh

#URL:             http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie

#Description：        The test script

#Copyright notice:     original works, no reprint! Otherwise, legal liability will be investigated.

#********************************************************************

tar cvf /data/etc-`date +%F`.tar /etc &> /dev/null

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# chmod +x /script/backup.sh

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /script/backup.sh

-rwxr-xr-x.  root root  Dec  : /script/backup.sh

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /script/backup.sh　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#编写备份脚本别忘记添加执行权限哟~

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl daemon-reload　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#重新加载配置

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status bak　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　#观察这个输出，不难发现第一行是咱们上面脚本中的描述信息

● bak.service - Add backup "/etc" service by yinzhengjie.

   Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/bak.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)

   Active: inactive (dead)

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /data/

total

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start bak

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /data/

total

-rw-r--r--.  root root  Dec   : etc---.tar

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

4>.运行级别

target units：

    unit配置文件：.target

    ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/*.target

    systemctl list-unit-files --type target --all

运行级别：

　　0 ==> runlevel0.target, poweroff.target

　　1 ==> runlevel1.target, rescue.target　　　　　　　　

　　2 ==> runlevel2.target, multi-user.target　　　　　　　　#字符集界面

　　3 ==> runlevel3.target, multi-user.target　　　　　　　　#字符集界面

　　4 ==> runlevel4.target, multi-user.target　　　　　　  　#字符集界面

　　5 ==> runlevel5.target, graphical.target　　　　　　　  　#图形界面

　　6 ==> runlevel6.target, reboot.target

查看依赖性：

    systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target

级别切换：init N ==> systemctl isolate name.target

    systemctl isolate multi-user.target　　　　#CentOS 7.x切换到字符界面，命令支持tab键补齐

    注：只有/lib/systemd/system/*.target文件中AllowIsolate=yes 才能切换(修改文件需执行systemctl daemon-reload才能生效)

查看target：

    runlevel

    who -r

    systemctl list-units --type target

获取默认运行级别：

    /etc/inittab ==> systemctl get-default

修改默认级别：

    /etc/inittab ==> systemctl set-default name.target

    systemctl set-default multi-user.target　　　　#CentOS 7.x修改默认级别字符界面，命令支持tab键补齐　　

    ls –l /etc/systemd/system/default.target

切换至紧急救援模式：(类似于单用户模式)

　　systemctl rescue

切换至emergency模式：(紧急模式，比单用户模式还要紧急，但该模式功能较弱)

　　systemctl emergency

其它常用命令：

　　传统命令init，poweroff，halt，reboot都成为systemctl的软链接

　　关机：

　　　　systemctl halt、systemctl poweroff

　　重启：

　　　　systemctl reboot

　　挂起：

　　　　systemctl suspend

　　休眠：

　　　　systemctl hibernate

　　休眠并挂起：

　　　　systemctl hybrid-sleep

三.systemctl命令服务管理

1>.systemctl命令的不兼容性

　　systemctl命令固定不变，不可扩展(因为它是一个已经编译好的二进制程序，除非你修改源代码重新编译)

　　我们知道CentOS .x系列可以编写脚本交由service命令来管理，但CentOS .x系列非由systemd启动的服务，systemctl无法与之通信和控制。

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# which systemctl

/usr/bin/systemctl

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# file /usr/bin/systemctl

/usr/bin/systemctl: ELF -bit LSB shared object, x86-, version  (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6., BuildID

[sha1]=52ec5dc13ed3617e0c04474fef2aa1f17252d446, stripped

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# file /usr/bin/systemctl

2>.管理服务举例

　　CentOS .x也可以使用"service unit"的方式来管理服务，但只能兼容早期的服务脚本。

　　在CentOS .X咱们推荐使用命令："systemctl COMMAND name.service"

　　常见的Centos .x对应Centos .x管理服务命令如下所示:

　　　　启动：

　　　　　　service name start ==> systemctl start name.service

　　　　停止：
　　　　　　service name stop ==> systemctl stop name.service

　　　　重启：
　　　　　　service name restart ==> systemctl restart name.service

　　　　状态：
　　　　　　service name status ==> systemctl status name.service

　　　　条件式重启(已启动才重启，否则不做操作):

　　　　　　service name condrestart ==> systemctl try-restart name.service

　　　　重载或重启服务(先加载，再启动):

　　　　　　systemctl reload-or-restart name.service

　　　　重载或条件式重启服务:

　　　　　　systemctl reload-or-try-restart name.service

　　　　禁止自动和手动启动：

　　　　　　systemctl mask name.service

　　　　取消禁止：

　　　　　　systemctl unmask name.service

3>.服务查看

查看某服务当前激活与否的状态：

　　systemctl is-active name.service

查看所有已经激活的服务：

　　systemctl list-units --type|-t service

查看所有服务：

　　systemctl list-units --type service --all|-a

chkconfig命令的对应关系：

　　设定某服务开机自启：

　　　　chkconfig name on ==> systemctl enable name.service

　　设定某服务开机禁止启动：

　　　　chkconfig name off ==> systemctl disable name.service

查看所有服务的开机自启状态：

　　chkconfig --list ==> systemctl list-unit-files --type service

用来列出该服务在哪些运行级别下启用和禁用

　　chkconfig sshd –list ==>

　　ls /etc/systemd/system/*.wants/sshd.service

查看服务是否开机自启：

　　systemctl is-enabled name.service

其它命令：

　　查看服务的依赖关系：

　　　　systemctl list-dependencies name.service

　　杀掉进程：

　　　　systemctl kill unitname

4>.服务状态

systemctl list-unit-files --type service --all
　　显示状态

loaded 
　　Unit配置文件已处理

active(running) 
　　一次或多次持续处理的运行

active(exited) 
　　成功完成一次性的配置

active(waiting) 
　　运行中，等待一个事件

inactive 
　　不运行

enabled 
　　开机启动

disabled 
　　开机不启动

static 
　　开机不启动，但可被另一个启用的服务激活

5>.systemctl 命令示例

显示所有单元状态

　　systemctl 或 systemctl list-units

只显示服务单元的状态

　　systemctl --type=service

显示sshd服务单元

　　systemctl –l status sshd.service

验证sshd服务当前是否活动

　　systemctl is-active sshd

启动，停止和重启sshd服务

　　systemctl start sshd.service

　　systemctl stop sshd.service

　　systemctl restart sshd.service

重新加载配置

　　systemctl reload sshd.service

列出活动状态的所有服务单元

　　systemctl list-units --type=service

列出所有服务单元

　　systemctl list-units --type=service --all

查看服务单元的启用和禁用状态

　　systemctl list-unit-files --type=service

列出失败的服务

　　systemctl --failed --type=service

列出依赖的单元

　　systemctl list-dependencies sshd

验证sshd服务是否开机启动

　　systemctl is-enabled sshd

禁用network，使之不能自动启动,但手动可以

　　systemctl disable network

启用network

　　systemctl enable network

禁用network，使之不能手动或自动启动

　　systemctl mask network

启用network

　　systemctl unmask network

四.CentOS7启动流程

1>.CentOS7引导顺序

　　UEFi或BIOS初始化，运行POST开机自检

　　选择启动设备

　　引导装载程序, centos7是grub2

　　加载装载程序的配置文件：

　　　　/etc/grub.d/

　　　　/etc/default/grub

　　　　/boot/grub2/grub.cfg

　　加载initramfs驱动模块

　　加载内核选项

　　内核初始化，centos7使用systemd代替init

　　执行initrd.target所有单元，包括挂载/etc/fstab

　　从initramfs根文件系统切换到磁盘根目录

　　systemd执行默认target配置，配置文件/etc/systemd/system/default.target

　　systemd执行sysinit.target初始化系统及basic.target准备操作系统

　　systemd启动multi-user.target下的本机与服务器服务

　　systemd执行multi-user.target下的/etc/rc.d/rc.local

　　Systemd执行multi-user.target下的getty.target及登录服务

　　systemd执行graphical需要的服务

2>.查看Centos操作系统的启动时间

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze 　　　　　　　　#如下所示，改命令可以简短的显示启动内核用时1.287s,启动initrd进程勇士1.831s，而启动用户空间用时8.909s，因此开机启动共计用时12.028s。

Startup finished in .287s (kernel) + .831s (initrd) + .909s (userspace) = .028s

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot

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  <rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3600.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="right" x="967.564" y="3614.000">libvirtd.service (258ms)</text>

  <rect class="activating" x="972.668" y="3620.000" width="3.646" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="active" x="976.314" y="3620.000" width="226.586" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3620.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="right" x="967.668" y="3634.000">systemd-user-sessions.service (36ms)</text>

  <rect class="activating" x="976.930" y="3640.000" width="10.754" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="active" x="987.684" y="3640.000" width="215.216" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3640.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="right" x="971.930" y="3654.000">gdm.service (107ms)</text>

  <rect class="activating" x="977.106" y="3660.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="active" x="977.106" y="3660.000" width="225.794" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3660.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="right" x="972.106" y="3674.000">crond.service</text>

  <rect class="activating" x="978.017" y="3680.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="active" x="978.017" y="3680.000" width="224.883" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3680.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="right" x="973.017" y="3694.000">atd.service</text>

  <rect class="activating" x="1027.652" y="3700.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="active" x="1027.652" y="3700.000" width="175.248" height="19.000" />

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  <text class="right" x="1022.652" y="3714.000">sys-subsystem-net-devices-virbr0.device</text>

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  <rect class="active" x="1027.652" y="3720.000" width="175.248" height="19.000" />

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  <text class="right" x="1022.652" y="3734.000">sys-devices-virtual-net-virbr0.device</text>

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  <rect class="active" x="1029.398" y="3740.000" width="173.502" height="19.000" />

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  <text class="right" x="1024.398" y="3754.000">sys-subsystem-net-devices-virbr0\x2dnic.device</text>

  <rect class="activating" x="1029.399" y="3760.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="active" x="1029.399" y="3760.000" width="173.501" height="19.000" />

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  <rect class="active" x="1202.120" y="3800.000" width="0.780" height="19.000" />

  <rect class="deactivating" x="1202.900" y="3800.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="right" x="1197.120" y="3814.000">graphical.target</text>

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  <rect class="active" x="1202.864" y="3820.000" width="0.000" height="19.000" />

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  <text class="right" x="1197.314" y="3834.000">systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service (5ms)</text>

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  <text class="left" x="45.000" y="3874.000">Activating</text>

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  <text class="left" x="45.000" y="3894.000">Active</text>

  <rect class="deactivating" x="0.000" y="3900.000" width="30.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="left" x="45.000" y="3914.000">Deactivating</text>

  <rect class="security" x="0.000" y="3920.000" width="30.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="left" x="45.000" y="3934.000">Setting up security module</text>

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  <text class="left" x="45.000" y="3954.000">Generators</text>

  <rect class="unitsload" x="0.000" y="3960.000" width="30.000" height="19.000" />

  <text class="left" x="45.000" y="3974.000">Loading unit files</text>

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</svg>

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot　　　　　　#显示内容是一个html格式的内容，可以将其重定向到一个文件中并用浏览器打开它，这样看的更详细，它详细列出启动各个服务所用的毫秒数。

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot > boot.html

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# sz boot.html 　　　　　　　　　　 #下载本地用浏览器打开如下图所示。

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

3>.设置内核参数

　　设置内核参数，只影响当次启动

　　启动时，在linux16行后添加systemd.unit=desired.target

　　systemd.unit=emergency.target

　　systemd.unit=rescue.target

　　rescue.target 比emergency 支持更多的功能，例如日志等

　　systemctl default 进入默认target

五.故障排除

1>.启动排错

文件系统损坏

    先尝试自动修复，失败则进入emergency shell，提示用户修复

在/etc/fstab不存在对应的设备和UUID

    等一段时间，如不可用，进入emergency shell

在/etc/fstab不存在对应挂载点

    systemd 尝试创建挂载点，否则提示进入emergency shell.

在/etc/fstab不正确的挂载选项

    提示进入emergency shell

2>.破解CentOS7的root口令方法两种方案

破解CentOS7的root口令方法一:

    启动时任意键暂停启动

    按e键进入编辑模式

    将光标移动linux16开始的行，添加内核参数rd.break

    按ctrl-x启动

    mount –o remount,rw /sysroot

    chroot /sysroot

    passwd root

    touch /.autorelabel

    exit

    reboot

破解CentOS7的root口令方法二:

    启动时任意键暂停启动

    按e键进入编辑模式

    将光标移动linux16开始的行，改为rw init=/sysroot/bin/sh

    按ctrl-x启动

    chroot /sysroot

    passwd root

    touch /.autorelabel

    exit

    reboot

博主推荐阅读:（有图解说明哟~）

　　https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/11997262.html

　　https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/7457286.html

3>.修复GRUB2

GRUB“the Grand Unified Bootloader”

    引导提示时可以使用命令行界面

    可从文件系统引导

主要配置文件:

    /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

修复配置文件

    grub2-mkconfig > /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

修复grub

    grub2-install /dev/sda BIOS环境

    grub2-install UEFI环境

调整默认启动内核

    vim /etc/default/grub

    GRUB_DEFAULT=0　　　　　　#注意:这个参数表示指定默认内核编号来启动相应的内核。该参数是参考"/boot/grub2/grub.cfg"中的菜单项(以"menuentry"开头)，编号从0开始哟~关于内核的编译可参考我之前的笔记。修改该参数后，别忘记使用"grub2-mkconfig"来使得配置生效哟~

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grep GRUB_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub

GRUB_DEFAULT=saved

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# vim /etc/default/grub 　　　　　　　　　　#调整默认启动内核

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grep GRUB_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub

GRUB_DEFAULT=

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

Generating grub configuration file ...

Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.-.el7.x86_64

Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.-.el7.x86_64.img

Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz--rescue-22848f95520c44db9caaa9661a12ef33

Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs--rescue-22848f95520c44db9caaa9661a12ef33.img

done

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#

[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# vim /etc/default/grub 　　　　　　　　　　#调整默认启动内核

巴特西

Linux操作系统-CentOS7启动流程和服务管理

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