my @stack = ("Fred", "Eileen", "Denise", "Charlie");

# remove at tail

pop @stack;

print @stack;

# add to tail

push @stack, "Bob", "Alice";

print @stack;

# remove at head

shift @stack;

print @stack;

# add to head

unshift @stack, "Hank", "Grace";

print @stack;

# 其实pop,push,shift,unshift是特殊的splice

my @stack = ("Fred", "Eileen", "Denise", "Charlie");

# splice 返回分割结果，这里是得到EileenDenise

print splice(@stack, 1, 2, "<<<", ">>>");

print "\n";

# 将分割结果替换为<<<和>>>

print @stack;

print "\n";

my @elements = ("Antimony", "Arsenic", "Aluminum", "Selenium");

print @elements;             # "AntimonyArsenicAluminumSelenium"

# 有了空格：）

print "@elements";           # "Antimony Arsenic Aluminum Selenium"

# 使用,连接

print join(", ", @elements); # "Antimony, Arsenic, Aluminum, Selenium"

# list，所以按元素逆序

print reverse("Hello", "World");        # "WorldHello"

# 前面加了scalar，所以即使是list，也先组合在一起，然后按字母逆序

print scalar reverse("Hello", "World"); # "dlroWolleH"

my @capitals = ("Baton Rouge", "Indianapolis", "Columbus", "Montgomery", "Helena", "Denver", "Boise");

# 对@capitals中的元素使用uc函数

# http://perldoc.perl.org/functions/map.html

print join ", ", map { uc $_ } @capitals;

# "BATON ROUGE, INDIANAPOLIS, COLUMBUS, MONTGOMERY, HELENA, DENVER, BOISE"