面试官：你说你精通SpringBoot，你给我说一下类的自动装配吧

## 剖析@SpringBootApplication注解

创建一个SpringBoot工程后，SpringBoot会为用户提供一个Application类，该类负责项目的启动：

```
@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringbootSeniorApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(SpringbootSeniorApplication.class, args);
}
}

````

这是一个被`@SpringBootApplication`注解的类，该注解完成了SpringBoot中类的自动装配任务：

```
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
public @interface SpringBootApplication {

}

````

抛却元注解不谈，@SpringBootApplication继承了三个注解：

## @SpringBootConfiguration

```
/**
* Indicates that a class provides Spring Boot application
* {@link Configuration @Configuration}. Can be used as an
* alternative to the Spring's standard @Configuration
* annotation so that configuration can be found
* automatically (for example in tests).
*
* Application should only ever include one
* @SpringBootConfiguration and most idiomatic Spring Boot
* applications will inherit it from @SpringBootApplication.
*/
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Configuration
public @interface SpringBootConfiguration {
...
}

```

在说明中提到，`@SpringBootConfiguration`注解是用来替代Spring的`@Configuration`，方便SpringBoot自动找到配置。
## @ComponentScan

````
/**
* Configures component scanning directives
* for use with Configuration classes.
* Provides support parallel with Spring XML's
* <context:component-scan> element.
*
* Either #basePackageClasses or #basePackages
* (or its alias #value} may be specified to
* define specific packages to scan. If specific
* packages are not defined, scanning will occur
* from the package of the class that declares
* this annotation.
*
* Note that the <context:component-scan> element
* has an annotation-config attribute; however,
* this annotation does not. This is because
* in almost all cases when using @ComponentScan,
* default annotation config processing
* (e.g. processing @Autowired and friends)
* is assumed. Furthermore, when using
* AnnotationConfigApplicationContext,
* annotation config processors are always
* registered, meaning that any attempt to disable
* them at the @ComponentScan level would be ignored.
*/
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Documented
@Repeatable(ComponentScans.class)
public @interface ComponentScan {
...
}

````

在说明中我们可以得知：`@ComponentScan`只负责指定要扫描的包，并没有装配其中的类，这个真正装配这些类是`@EnableAutoConfiguration`。
## @EnableAutoConfiguration

```
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
...
}

```

该类真正完成了SpringBoot对于类的装配工作，具体内容在后续会作出解释。

## 以@Enable开头的注解

以@Enable开头的注解(`@EnableXxx`)一般用于开启某一项功能，是为了简化代码的导入。它是一个组合注解，一般情况下`@EnableXxx`注解中都会组合一个`@Import`注解，而该`@Import`注解用于导入指定的类，而被导入的类一般有三种：

## 配置类

* 类的特征：@Import中指定的类一般以Configuration结尾
* 类的配置：该类上会注解@Configuration
* 类的案例：定时任务启动注解：`SchedulingConfiguration`

```
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Import(SchedulingConfiguration.class)
@Documented
public @interface EnableScheduling {
}

```

## 选择器

* 类的特征：@Import中指定的类一般以 Selector 结尾
* 类的配置：该类直接或间接实现了`ImportSelector`接口，表示当前类会根据条件选择导入不同的类。
* 类的案例：Redis配置类：`CachingConfigurationSelector`

```
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Import(CachingConfigurationSelector.class)
public @interface EnableCaching {
...
}

```

```
public class CachingConfigurationSelector extends AdviceModeImportSelector<EnableCaching> {
...
@Override
public String[] selectImports(AdviceMode adviceMode) {
switch (adviceMode) {
case PROXY:
return getProxyImports();
case ASPECTJ:
return getAspectJImports();
default:
return null;
}
}
...
}

```

## 注册器

* 类的特征：@Import 中指定的类一般以 Registrar 结尾。
* 类的配置：该类直接或间接实现了`ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar`接口，用于导入注册器，该类可以在代码运行时动态注册指定类的实例。
* 类的案例：AspectJ：`AspectJAutoProxyRegistrar`

```
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Import(AspectJAutoProxyRegistrar.class)
public @interface EnableAspectJAutoProxy {
...
}

```

```
class AspectJAutoProxyRegistrar implements ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar {
@Override
public void registerBeanDefinitions(
AnnotationMetadata importingClassMetadata,
BeanDefinitionRegistry registry) {

AopConfigUtils.registerAspectJAnnotationAutoProxyCreatorIfNecessary(registry);

AnnotationAttributes enableAspectJAutoProxy =
AnnotationConfigUtils.attributesFor(importingClassMetadata, EnableAspectJAutoProxy.class);
if (enableAspectJAutoProxy != null) {
if (enableAspectJAutoProxy.getBoolean("proxyTargetClass")) {
AopConfigUtils.forceAutoProxyCreatorToUseClassProxying(registry);
}
if (enableAspectJAutoProxy.getBoolean("exposeProxy")) {
AopConfigUtils.forceAutoProxyCreatorToExposeProxy(registry);
}
}
}
}

```

## 解析@EnableAutoConfiguration

String ENABLED_OVERRIDE_PROPERTY = "spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration";

Class<?>[] exclude() default {};

String[] excludeName() default {};

}

```

该注解是一个组合注解，用于完成自动配置，它是Spring Boot的核心注解。所谓自动配置是指，将用户自定义的类及框架本身用到的类进行装配。

## @AutoConfigurationPackage

```
/**
* Registers packages with AutoConfigurationPackages.
* When no #basePackages base packages or
* #basePackageClasses base package classes are
* specified, the package of the annotated class is
* registered.
*/
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@Import(AutoConfigurationPackages.Registrar.class)
public @interface AutoConfigurationPackage {
...
}

```

从类的说明中我的得知，该注解用于导入并装配用户自定义类，即自动扫描包中的类。若该注解未通过`basePackages`或`basePackageClasses`参数指明要扫描的包路径，则默认扫描含该注解的类所在包及其子包。
## @Import

用于导入并装配框架本身的类。其参数`AutoConfigurationImportSelector.java`类，该类用于导入自动配置的类。其装配跟踪入口：`#getCandidateConfigurations`

```
public class AutoConfigurationImportSelector implements
DeferredImportSelector, BeanClassLoaderAware,
ResourceLoaderAware, BeanFactoryAware,
EnvironmentAware, Ordered {
...
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(
AnnotationMetadata metadata,
AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(
getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(),
getBeanClassLoader()
);
Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "
+ "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
return configurations;
}
...
}

```

`#getCandidateConfigurations` -> `SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames`

```
public final class SpringFactoriesLoader {
...
public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";
...
public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryType, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
String factoryTypeName = factoryType.getName();
return loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryTypeName, Collections.emptyList());
}

private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(@Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
...
try {
Enumeration<URL> urls = (classLoader != null ?
classLoader.getResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION) :
ClassLoader.getSystemResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION));
...
} catch (IOException ex) {
...
}
}
}

```

追踪到这里，我们得知，框架本身定义的类是从`META-INF/spring.factories`文件中获取的。该文件目录在哪儿呢？
在创建SpringBoot Web项目时，我们在pom.xml文件中会自动导入一个依赖：

```

<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>

```

打开一个starter，如`spring-boot-starter-web`依赖，我们可以看到其中包含了一个子依赖：

```

<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
<version>2.3.4.RELEASE</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>

```

打开`spring-boot-starter`依赖，可以看到这么一个子依赖：

```

<dependencies>
...
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-autoconfigure</artifactId>
<version>2.3.4.RELEASE</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
...
</dependencies>

```

查看该依赖的内容，打开spring.factories文件：

![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/23140115-7a032a14b5816253.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)

![](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/23140115-4f7429a7e416bec2.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)

这些就是框架定义的，需要装配的类。

## application.yml的加载

`application.yml`文件对于 Spring Boot 来说是核心配置文件，至关重要！那么，该文件是如何加载到内存的呢？我们需要从启动类的`run()`方法开始跟踪，该跟踪过程比较深，耐心差的读者慎入。

```
@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringbootSeniorApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(SpringbootSeniorApplication.class, args);
}
}

```

进入run方法：

```
public class SpringApplication {
...
public static ConfigurableApplicationContext run(Class<?> primarySource, String... args) {
return run(new Class<?>[] { primarySource }, args);
}

public static ConfigurableApplicationContext run(Class<?>[] primarySources, String[] args) {
return new SpringApplication(primarySources).run(args);
}

public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
...
// 准备运行环境
ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
...
}

private ConfigurableEnvironment prepareEnvironment(
SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners,
ApplicationArguments applicationArguments) {
...
// 让监听器监听环境准备过程
listeners.environmentPrepared(environment);
...
}
...
}

```

让监听器监听环境准备过程

```
class SpringApplicationRunListeners {
...
void environmentPrepared(ConfigurableEnvironment environment) {
for (SpringApplicationRunListener listener : this.listeners) {
listener.environmentPrepared(environment);
}
}
...
}

```

发布环境准备事件

```
public class EventPublishingRunListener implements SpringApplicationRunListener, Ordered {
...
@Override
public void environmentPrepared(ConfigurableEnvironment environment) {
this.initialMulticaster.multicastEvent(
new ApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent(
this.application,
this.args,
environment
)
);
}

@Override
public void multicastEvent(ApplicationEvent event) {
multicastEvent(event, resolveDefaultEventType(event));
}

@Override
public void multicastEvent(final ApplicationEvent event, @Nullable ResolvableType eventType) {
ResolvableType type = (eventType != null ? eventType : resolveDefaultEventType(event));
Executor executor = getTaskExecutor();
for (ApplicationListener<?> listener : getApplicationListeners(event, type)) {
if (executor != null) {
// 触发监听器
executor.execute(() -> invokeListener(listener, event));
}
else {
invokeListener(listener, event);
}
}
}
...
}

```

触发监听器

```
public class SimpleApplicationEventMulticaster extends AbstractApplicationEventMulticaster {
...
protected void invokeListener(ApplicationListener<?> listener, ApplicationEvent event) {
ErrorHandler errorHandler = getErrorHandler();
if (errorHandler != null) {
try {
doInvokeListener(listener, event);
}
catch (Throwable err) {
errorHandler.handleError(err);
}
}
else {
doInvokeListener(listener, event);
}
}

private void doInvokeListener(ApplicationListener listener, ApplicationEvent event) {
...
listener.onApplicationEvent(event);
...
}
...
}

```

`ApplicationListener#onApplicationEvent`是一个接口方法，我们主要看它的`ConfigFileApplicationListener`实现类的实现

```
public class ConfigFileApplicationListener implements ... {
...
@Override
public void onApplicationEvent(ApplicationEvent event) {
if (event instanceof ApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent) {
onApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent((ApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent) event);
}
...
}

private void onApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent(ApplicationEnvironmentPreparedEvent event) {
List<EnvironmentPostProcessor> postProcessors = loadPostProcessors();
postProcessors.add(this);
AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(postProcessors);
for (EnvironmentPostProcessor postProcessor : postProcessors) {
postProcessor.postProcessEnvironment(event.getEnvironment(), event.getSpringApplication());
}
}
...
}

```

`EnvironmentPostProcessor#postProcessEnvironment`是一个接口方法，我们主要看它的`ConfigFileApplicationListener`实现类的实现

```
public class ConfigFileApplicationListener implements ... {
...
@Override
public void postProcessEnvironment(
ConfigurableEnvironment environment,
SpringApplication application) {
// 加载配置文件
addPropertySources(environment, application.getResourceLoader());
}

protected void addPropertySources(
ConfigurableEnvironment environment,
ResourceLoader resourceLoader) {
RandomValuePropertySource.addToEnvironment(environment);
new Loader(environment, resourceLoader).load();
}

private class Loader {
void load() {
FilteredPropertySource.apply(
this.environment,
DEFAULT_PROPERTIES,
LOAD_FILTERED_PROPERTY,
(defaultProperties) -> {
...
while (!this.profiles.isEmpty()) {
...
load(profile, this::getPositiveProfileFilter,
addToLoaded(MutablePropertySources::addLast, false));
...
}
...
});
}

private void load(Profile profile, DocumentFilterFactory filterFactory, DocumentConsumer consumer) {
getSearchLocations().forEach((location) -> {
boolean isDirectory = location.endsWith("/");
Set<String> names = isDirectory ? getSearchNames() : NO_SEARCH_NAMES;
names.forEach((name) -> load(location, name, profile, filterFactory, consumer));
});
}

private void load(String location, String name, Profile profile, DocumentFilterFactory filterFactory,
DocumentConsumer consumer) {
...
for (PropertySourceLoader loader : this.propertySourceLoaders) {
for (String fileExtension : loader.getFileExtensions()) {
if (processed.add(fileExtension)) {
loadForFileExtension(loader, location + name, "." + fileExtension, profile, filterFactory, consumer);
}
}
}
}

private void loadForFileExtension(
PropertySourceLoader loader,
String prefix,
String fileExtension,
Profile profile,
DocumentFilterFactory filterFactory,
DocumentConsumer consumer) {
...
load(loader, prefix + fileExtension, profile, profileFilter, consumer);
}

private void load(
PropertySourceLoader loader,
String location,
Profile profile,
DocumentFilter filter,
DocumentConsumer consumer) {
...
List<Document> documents = loadDocuments(loader, name, resource);
...
}

private List<Document> loadDocuments(
PropertySourceLoader loader,
String name,
Resource resource) throws IOException {
DocumentsCacheKey cacheKey = new DocumentsCacheKey(loader, resource);
List<Document> documents = this.loadDocumentsCache.get(cacheKey);
if (documents == null) {
List<PropertySource<?>> loaded = loader.load(name, resource);
documents = asDocuments(loaded);
this.loadDocumentsCache.put(cacheKey, documents);
}
return documents;
}
}
...
}

```

`PropertySourceLoader#getFileExtensions`和`PropertySourceLoader#load`都是接口方法，我们主要看它的`YamlPropertySourceLoader`实现类的实现

```
public class YamlPropertySourceLoader implements PropertySourceLoader {
@Override
public String[] getFileExtensions() {
return new String[] { "yml", "yaml" };
}

@Override
public List<PropertySource<?>> load(
String name,
Resource resource) throws IOException {
...
return propertySources;
}
}
```
## 最后
感谢你看到这里，文章有什么不足还请指正，觉得文章对你有帮助的话记得给我点个赞！

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面试官：你说你精通SpringBoot，你给我说一下类的自动装配吧

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