基于C++的OpenGL 13 之Mesh
2024-10-21 06:25:33
1. 引言
本文基于C++语言，描述OpenGL的Mesh
前置知识可参考：
笔者这里不过多描述每个名词、函数和细节，更详细的文档可以参考：
2. 概述
3D建模工具(3D Modeling Tool)会在导出到模型文件的时候自动生成所有的顶点坐标、顶点法线以及纹理坐标
所以，解析这些导出的模型文件以及提取所有有用的信息，将它们储存为OpenGL能够理解的格式，就可以进行绘制
Assimp是一个非常流行的模型导入库，能够导入很多种不同的模型文件格式（并也能够导出部分的格式），会将所有的模型数据加载至Assimp的通用数据结构中
Assimp的GitHub站点为：assimp/assimp: The official Open-Asset-Importer-Library Repository. Loads 40+ 3D-file-formats into one unified and clean data structure. (github.com)
3. 构建Assimp
参考官方构建手册：assimp/Build.md at master · assimp/assimp (github.com)
笔者使用CMake在Linux上构建
拉取源码：
git clone https://github.com/assimp/assimp.git
CMake构建：
cd assimp
cmake CMakeLists.txt
编译：
make
安装：
sudo make install
4. 编写Mesh类
一个完整的模型往往是由多个组件构成，单个的组件称之为Mesh
多个Mesh组成Model，在这里，先定义Mesh类
定义顶点：
struct Vertex {
glm::vec3 Position;
glm::vec3 Normal;
glm::vec2 TexCoords;
};
定义纹理：
struct Texture {
unsigned int id;
string type;
};
定义Mesh类：
class Mesh {
public:
/* 网格数据 */
vector<Vertex> vertices;
vector<unsigned int> indices;
vector<Texture> textures;
/* 函数 */
Mesh(vector<Vertex> vertices, vector<unsigned int> indices, vector<Texture> textures);
void Draw(Shader shader);
private:
/* 渲染数据 */
unsigned int VAO, VBO, EBO;
/* 函数 */
void setupMesh();
};
构造函数：
Mesh(vector<Vertex> vertices, vector<unsigned int> indices, vector<Texture> textures)
{
this->vertices = vertices;
this->indices = indices;
this->textures = textures;
setupMesh();
}
初始化Mesh：
void setupMesh()
{
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
&indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// 顶点位置
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0);
// 顶点法线
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Normal));
// 顶点纹理坐标
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, TexCoords));
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
渲染函数：
void Draw(Shader shader)
{
unsigned int diffuseNr = 1;
unsigned int specularNr = 1;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < textures.size(); i++)
{
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + i); // 在绑定之前激活相应的纹理单元
// 获取纹理序号（diffuse_textureN 中的 N）
string number;
string name = textures[i].type;
if(name == "texture_diffuse")
number = std::to_string(diffuseNr++);
else if(name == "texture_specular")
number = std::to_string(specularNr++);
shader.setInt(("material." + name + number).c_str(), i);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[i].id);
}
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
// 绘制网格
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
Mesh类的调用见：基于C++的OpenGL 14 之模型加载 - 当时明月在曾照彩云归 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
5. 完整代码
主要文件mesh.hpp：
#ifndef MESH_HPP
#define MESH_HPP
#include <glad/glad.h> // holds all OpenGL type declarations
#include <glm.hpp>
#include "Shader.hpp"
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
struct Vertex {
glm::vec3 Position;
glm::vec3 Normal;
glm::vec2 TexCoords;
};
struct Texture {
unsigned int id;
string type;
};
class Mesh {
public:
/* 网格数据 */
vector<Vertex> vertices;
vector<unsigned int> indices;
vector<Texture> textures;
/* 函数 */
Mesh(vector<Vertex> vertices, vector<unsigned int> indices, vector<Texture> textures)
{
this->vertices = vertices;
this->indices = indices;
this->textures = textures;
setupMesh();
}
void Draw(Shader shader)
{
unsigned int diffuseNr = 1;
unsigned int specularNr = 1;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < textures.size(); i++)
{
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0 + i); // 在绑定之前激活相应的纹理单元
// 获取纹理序号（diffuse_textureN 中的 N）
string number;
string name = textures[i].type;
if(name == "texture_diffuse")
number = std::to_string(diffuseNr++);
else if(name == "texture_specular")
number = std::to_string(specularNr++);
shader.setInt(("material." + name + number).c_str(), i);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[i].id);
}
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
// 绘制网格
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, indices.size(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
private:
/* 渲染数据 */
unsigned int VAO, VBO, EBO;
/* 函数 */
void setupMesh()
{
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.size() * sizeof(Vertex), &vertices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices.size() * sizeof(unsigned int),
&indices[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// 顶点位置
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)0);
// 顶点法线
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, Normal));
// 顶点纹理坐标
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), (void*)offsetof(Vertex, TexCoords));
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
};
#endif
着色器shader.hpp：
#ifndef SHADER_HPP
#define SHADER_HPP
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
class Shader
{
public:
unsigned int ID;
// constructor generates the shader on the fly
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shader(const char* vertexPath, const char* fragmentPath)
{
// 1. retrieve the vertex/fragment source code from filePath
std::string vertexCode;
std::string fragmentCode;
std::ifstream vShaderFile;
std::ifstream fShaderFile;
// ensure ifstream objects can throw exceptions:
vShaderFile.exceptions (std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);
fShaderFile.exceptions (std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);
try
{
// open files
vShaderFile.open(vertexPath);
fShaderFile.open(fragmentPath);
std::stringstream vShaderStream, fShaderStream;
// read file's buffer contents into streams
vShaderStream << vShaderFile.rdbuf();
fShaderStream << fShaderFile.rdbuf();
// close file handlers
vShaderFile.close();
fShaderFile.close();
// convert stream into string
vertexCode = vShaderStream.str();
fragmentCode = fShaderStream.str();
}
catch (std::ifstream::failure& e)
{
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FILE_NOT_SUCCESFULLY_READ: " << e.what() << std::endl;
}
const char* vShaderCode = vertexCode.c_str();
const char * fShaderCode = fragmentCode.c_str();
// 2. compile shaders
unsigned int vertex, fragment;
// vertex shader
vertex = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
glShaderSource(vertex, 1, &vShaderCode, NULL);
glCompileShader(vertex);
checkCompileErrors(vertex, "VERTEX");
// fragment Shader
fragment = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
glShaderSource(fragment, 1, &fShaderCode, NULL);
glCompileShader(fragment);
checkCompileErrors(fragment, "FRAGMENT");
// shader Program
ID = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(ID, vertex);
glAttachShader(ID, fragment);
glLinkProgram(ID);
checkCompileErrors(ID, "PROGRAM");
// delete the shaders as they're linked into our program now and no longer necessery
glDeleteShader(vertex);
glDeleteShader(fragment);
}
// activate the shader
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void use() const
{
glUseProgram(ID);
}
// utility uniform functions
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setBool(const std::string &name, bool value) const
{
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), (int)value);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setInt(const std::string &name, int value) const
{
glUniform1i(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), value);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setFloat(const std::string &name, float value) const
{
glUniform1f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), value);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setVec2(const std::string &name, const glm::vec2 &value) const
{
glUniform2fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);
}
void setVec2(const std::string &name, float x, float y) const
{
glUniform2f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setVec3(const std::string &name, const glm::vec3 &value) const
{
glUniform3fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);
}
void setVec3(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z) const
{
glUniform3f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y, z);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setVec4(const std::string &name, const glm::vec4 &value) const
{
glUniform4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, &value[0]);
}
void setVec4(const std::string &name, float x, float y, float z, float w) const
{
glUniform4f(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), x, y, z, w);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setMat2(const std::string &name, const glm::mat2 &mat) const
{
glUniformMatrix2fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setMat3(const std::string &name, const glm::mat3 &mat) const
{
glUniformMatrix3fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);
}
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void setMat4(const std::string &name, const glm::mat4 &mat) const
{
glUniformMatrix4fv(glGetUniformLocation(ID, name.c_str()), 1, GL_FALSE, &mat[0][0]);
}
private:
// utility function for checking shader compilation/linking errors.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
void checkCompileErrors(GLuint shader, std::string type)
{
GLint success;
GLchar infoLog[1024];
if (type != "PROGRAM")
{
glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER_COMPILATION_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n" << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;
}
}
else
{
glGetProgramiv(shader, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetProgramInfoLog(shader, 1024, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::PROGRAM_LINKING_ERROR of type: " << type << "\n" << infoLog << "\n -- --------------------------------------------------- -- " << std::endl;
}
}
}
};
#endif
6. 参考资料
[1]Assimp - LearnOpenGL CN (learnopengl-cn.github.io)
[2]网格 - LearnOpenGL CN (learnopengl-cn.github.io)
[3]assimp/Build.md at master · assimp/assimp (github.com)
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