>>> type(123)

<class 'int'>

>>> type("name")

<class 'str'>

>>> type(None)

<class 'NoneType'>

>>> type(abs)

<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>

>>> import Person

>>> type(Person)

<class 'module'>

>>> type(123)==type(456)

True

>>> type(123)==int

True

#play.py
class Animals(object):

    def play():

        pass

class Dog(Animals):

    def play():

        pass

class Kity(Dog):

    def play():

        pass

a=Animals()

d=Dog()

k=Kity()


>>> import play

>>> isinstance(k,Kity)

True

>>> isinstance(k,Dog)

True

>>> isinstance(k,Animals)

True

>>> isinstance(k,object)

True

>>> isinstance(d,Kity)

False

>>> isinstance(123,(str,int))

True

>>> dir("Alice")

['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']

>>> class Cal(object):

    x=2

    def cal():

        self.y=1

        return x+y

>>> ca=Cal()

>>> hasattr(ca,"x")

True

>>> setattr(ca,"z",3)

>>> getattr(ca,"z")

3

>>> getattr(ca,"p")

>>> getattr(ca,"p")

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<pyshell#57>", line 1, in <module>

    getattr(ca,"p")

AttributeError: 'Cal' object has no attribute 'p'

>>> getattr(ca,"p",404)

404