requests and BeautifulSoup

requests

Python标准库中提供了：urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、GET请求

# 1、无参数实例

import requests

ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')

print ret.url

print ret.text

# 2、有参数实例

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)

print ret.url

print ret.text

2、POST请求

# 1、基本POST实例

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

print ret.text

# 2、发送请求头和数据实例

import requests

import json

url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'

payload = {'some': 'data'}

headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}

ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)

print ret.text

print ret.cookies

3、其他请求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)

requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)

requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.head(url, **kwargs)

requests.delete(url, **kwargs)

requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.options(url, **kwargs)

# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建

requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4、更多参数

 def request(method, url, **kwargs):

     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.

     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

     :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.

     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

     :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.

     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.

     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.

         ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``

         or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string

         defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers

         to add for the file.

     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.

     :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data

         before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read

         timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.

     :type timeout: float or tuple

     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.

     :type allow_redirects: bool

     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.

     :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.

     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.

     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.

     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object

     :rtype: requests.Response

     Usage::

       >>> import requests

       >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')

       <Response [200]>

     """

 参数列表

 def param_method_url():

     # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

     # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

     pass

 def param_param():

     # - 可以是字典

     # - 可以是字符串

     # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

     # 错误

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

     pass

 def param_data():

     # 可以是字典

     # 可以是字符串

     # 可以是字节

     # 可以是文件对象

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"

     # )

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",

     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

     # )

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4

     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

     # )

     pass

 def param_json():

     # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)

     # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

 def param_headers():

     # 发送请求头到服务器端

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},

                      headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

                      )

 def param_cookies():

     # 发送Cookie到服务器端

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                      cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},

                      )

     # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）

     from http.cookiejar import CookieJar

     from http.cookiejar import Cookie

     obj = CookieJar()

     obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,

                           discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,

                           port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)

                    )

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                      cookies=obj)

 def param_files():

     # 发送文件

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     #                  files=file_dict)

     pass

 def param_auth():

     from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

     ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))

     print(ret.text)

     # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',

     # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))

     # ret.encoding = 'gbk'

     # print(ret.text)

     # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))

     # print(ret)

     #

 def param_timeout():

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)

     # print(ret)

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))

     # print(ret)

     pass

 def param_allow_redirects():

     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)

     print(ret.text)

 def param_proxies():

     # proxies = {

     # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",

     # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",

     # }

     # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

     # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)

     # print(ret.headers)

     # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth

     #

     # proxyDict = {

     # 'http': '77.75.105.165',

     # 'https': '77.75.105.165'

     # }

     # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')

     #

     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)

     # print(r.text)

     pass

 def param_stream():

     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)

     print(ret.content)

     ret.close()

     # from contextlib import closing

     # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:

     # # 在此处理响应。

     # for i in r.iter_content():

     # print(i)

 def requests_session():

     import requests

     session = requests.Session()

     ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

     i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

     ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权

     i2 = session.post(

         url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

         data={

             'phone': "",

             'password': "xxxxxx",

             'oneMonth': ""

         }

     )

     i3 = session.post(

         url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",

     )

     print(i3.text)

 参数示例

官方文档：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4

BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup是一个模块，该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串，然后将其进行格式化，之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素，从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html_doc = """

<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>

<body>

asdf

<div class="title">

<b>The Dormouse's story总共</b>

<h1>f</h1>

</div>

<div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were

<a class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,

<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and

<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;

and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>

ad<br/>sf

<p class="story">...</p>

</body>

</html>

"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

# 找到第一个a标签

tag1 = soup.find(name='a')

# 找到所有的a标签

tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')

# 找到id＝link2的标签

tag3 = soup.select('#link2')

安装：

1	`pip3 install beautifulsoup4`

使用示例：

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html_doc = """

<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>

<body>

...

</body>

</html>

"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

1. name，标签名称

# tag = soup.find('a')

# name = tag.name # 获取

# print(name)

# tag.name = 'span' # 设置

# print(soup)

2. attr，标签属性

# tag = soup.find('a')

# attrs = tag.attrs # 获取

# print(attrs)

# tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 设置

# tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 设置

# print(soup)

3. children,所有子标签

1 2	`# body = soup.find('body')` `# v = body.children`

4. children,所有子子孙孙标签

1 2	`# body = soup.find('body')` `# v = body.descendants`

5. clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空（保留标签名）

# tag = soup.find('body')

# tag.clear()

# print(soup)

6. decompose,递归的删除所有的标签

# body = soup.find('body')

# body.decompose()

# print(soup)

7. extract,递归的删除所有的标签，并获取删除的标签

# body = soup.find('body')

# v = body.extract()

# print(soup)

8. decode,转换为字符串（含当前标签）；decode_contents（不含当前标签）

# body = soup.find('body')

# v = body.decode()

# v = body.decode_contents()

# print(v)

9. encode,转换为字节（含当前标签）；encode_contents（不含当前标签）

# body = soup.find('body')

# v = body.encode()

# v = body.encode_contents()

# print(v)

10. find,获取匹配的第一个标签

# tag = soup.find('a')

# print(tag)

# tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')

# tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')

# print(tag)

11. find_all,获取匹配的所有标签

# tags = soup.find_all('a')

# print(tags)

# tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)

# print(tags)

# tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')

# # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')

# print(tags)

# ####### 列表 #######

# v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])

# print(v)

# v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])

# print(v)

# v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie'])

# print(v, type(v[0]))

# v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2'])

# print(v)

# v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2'])

# print(v)

# ####### 正则 #######

import re

# rep = re.compile('p')

# rep = re.compile('^p')

# v = soup.find_all(name=rep)

# print(v)

# rep = re.compile('sister.*')

# v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)

# print(v)

# rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*')

# v = soup.find_all(href=rep)

# print(v)

# ####### 方法筛选 #######

# def func(tag):

# return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id')

# v = soup.find_all(name=func)

# print(v)

# ## get,获取标签属性

# tag = soup.find('a')

# v = tag.get('id')

# print(v)

12. has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性

# tag = soup.find('a')

# v = tag.has_attr('id')

# print(v)

13. get_text,获取标签内部文本内容

# tag = soup.find('a')

# v = tag.get_text('id')

# print(v)

14. index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

# tag = soup.find('body')

# v = tag.index(tag.find('div'))

# print(v)

# tag = soup.find('body')

# for i,v in enumerate(tag):

# print(i,v)

15. is_empty_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签，

判断是否是如下标签：'br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta','spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'

# tag = soup.find('br')

# v = tag.is_empty_element

# print(v)

16. 当前的关联标签

# soup.next

# soup.next_element

# soup.next_elements

# soup.next_sibling

# soup.next_siblings

#

# tag.previous

# tag.previous_element

# tag.previous_elements

# tag.previous_sibling

# tag.previous_siblings

#

# tag.parent

# tag.parents

17. 查找某标签的关联标签

# tag.find_next(...)

# tag.find_all_next(...)

# tag.find_next_sibling(...)

# tag.find_next_siblings(...)

# tag.find_previous(...)

# tag.find_all_previous(...)

# tag.find_previous_sibling(...)

# tag.find_previous_siblings(...)

# tag.find_parent(...)

# tag.find_parents(...)

# 参数同find_all

18. select,select_one, CSS选择器

soup.select("title")

soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")

soup.select("body a")

soup.select("html head title")

tag = soup.select("span,a")

soup.select("head > title")

soup.select("p > a")

soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")

soup.select("p > #link1")

soup.select("body > a")

soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")

soup.select("#link1 + .sister")

soup.select(".sister")

soup.select("[class~=sister]")

soup.select("#link1")

soup.select("a#link2")

soup.select('a[href]')

soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')

soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')

soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')

soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')

from bs4.element import Tag

def default_candidate_generator(tag):

for child in tag.descendants:

if not isinstance(child, Tag):

continue

if not child.has_attr('href'):

continue

yield child

tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)

print(type(tags), tags)

from bs4.element import Tag

def default_candidate_generator(tag):

for child in tag.descendants:

if not isinstance(child, Tag):

continue

if not child.has_attr('href'):

continue

yield child

tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)

print(type(tags), tags)

19. 标签的内容

# tag = soup.find('span')

# print(tag.string) # 获取

# tag.string = 'new content' # 设置

# print(soup)

# tag = soup.find('body')

# print(tag.string)

# tag.string = 'xxx'

# print(soup)

# tag = soup.find('body')

# v = tag.stripped_strings # 递归内部获取所有标签的文本

# print(v)

20.append在当前标签内部追加一个标签

# tag = soup.find('body')

# tag.append(soup.find('a'))

# print(soup)

#

# from bs4.element import Tag

# obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={'id': 'it'})

# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

# tag = soup.find('body')

# tag.append(obj)

# print(soup)

21.insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签

# from bs4.element import Tag

# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})

# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

# tag = soup.find('body')

# tag.insert(2, obj)

# print(soup)

22. insert_after,insert_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入

# from bs4.element import Tag

# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})

# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

# tag = soup.find('body')

# # tag.insert_before(obj)

# tag.insert_after(obj)

# print(soup)

23. replace_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签

# from bs4.element import Tag

# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})

# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'

# tag = soup.find('div')

# tag.replace_with(obj)

# print(soup)

24. 创建标签之间的关系

# tag = soup.find('div')

# a = soup.find('a')

# tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)

# print(tag.previous_sibling)

25. wrap，将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来

# from bs4.element import Tag

# obj1 = Tag(name='div', attrs={'id': 'it'})

# obj1.string = '我是一个新来的'

#

# tag = soup.find('a')

# v = tag.wrap(obj1)

# print(soup)

# tag = soup.find('a')

# v = tag.wrap(soup.find('p'))

# print(soup)

26. unwrap，去掉当前标签，将保留其包裹的标签

# tag = soup.find('a')

# v = tag.unwrap()

# print(soup)

更多参数官方：http://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/v4.4.0/

一大波"自动登陆"示例

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import requests

 # ############## 方式一 ##############

 """

 # ## 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

 i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

 i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()

 # ## 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权

 i2 = requests.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

     data={

         'phone': "8615131255089",

         'password': "xxooxxoo",

         'oneMonth': ""

     },

     cookies=i1_cookies

 )

 # ## 3、点赞（只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可）

 gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']

 i3 = requests.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",

     cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}

 )

 print(i3.text)

 """

 # ############## 方式二 ##############

 """

 import requests

 session = requests.Session()

 i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

 i2 = session.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

     data={

         'phone': "8615131255089",

         'password': "xxooxxoo",

         'oneMonth': ""

     }

 )

 i3 = session.post(

     url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"

 )

 print(i3.text)

 """

抽屉新热榜

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import requests

 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 # ############## 方式一 ##############

 #

 # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token

 # i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')

 # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')

 # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})

 # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')

 # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()

 # i1.close()

 #

 # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证

 # form_data = {

 # "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,

 #     "utf8": "",

 #     "commit": "Sign in",

 #     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",

 #     'password': 'xxoo'

 # }

 #

 # i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)

 # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()

 # c1.update(c2)

 # i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)

 #

 # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')

 # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')

 #

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 #

 # for child in list_group.children:

 #     if isinstance(child, Tag):

 #         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')

 #         size_tag = child.find(name='small')

 #         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )

 #         print(temp)

 # ############## 方式二 ##############

 # session = requests.Session()

 # # 1. 访问登陆页面，获取 authenticity_token

 # i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')

 # soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')

 # tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})

 # authenticity_token = tag.get('value')

 # c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()

 # i1.close()

 #

 # # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证

 # form_data = {

 #     "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,

 #     "utf8": "",

 #     "commit": "Sign in",

 #     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",

 #     'password': 'xxoo'

 # }

 #

 # i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)

 # c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()

 # c1.update(c2)

 # i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')

 #

 # soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')

 # list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')

 #

 # from bs4.element import Tag

 #

 # for child in list_group.children:

 #     if isinstance(child, Tag):

 #         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')

 #         size_tag = child.find(name='small')

 #         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )

 #         print(temp)

github

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import time

 import requests

 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 session = requests.Session()

 i1 = session.get(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     }

 )

 soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')

 xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})

 xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')

 current_time = time.time()

 i2 = session.get(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',

     params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     })

 with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:

     f.write(i2.content)

 captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')

 form_data = {

     "_xsrf": xsrf,

     'password': 'xxooxxoo',

     "captcha": 'captcha',

     'email': '424662508@qq.com'

 }

 i3 = session.post(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',

     data=form_data,

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     }

 )

 i4 = session.get(

     url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',

     }

 )

 soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')

 tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')

 nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string

 print(nick_name)

知乎

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import re

 import json

 import base64

 import rsa

 import requests

 def js_encrypt(text):

     b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'

     der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)

     pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)

     v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)

     value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')

     value = value.decode('utf8')

     return value

 session = requests.Session()

 i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')

 rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")

 v = re.search(rep, i1.text)

 verification_token = v.group(1)

 form_data = {

     'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),

     'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),

     'remember': False

 }

 i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',

                   data=json.dumps(form_data),

                   headers={

                       'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',

                       'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',

                       'VerificationToken': verification_token}

                   )

 i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')

 print(i3.text)

博客园

 #!/usr/bin/env python

 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

 import requests

 # 第一步：访问登陆页,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code

 # 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html

 # 2、请求方法:GET

 # 3、请求头:

 #    User-agent

 r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',

                  headers={

                      'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',

                  },

                  )

 X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]

 X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]

 print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code)

 # print(r1.cookies.get_dict())

 # 第二步：登陆

 # 1、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json

 # 2、请求方法:POST

 # 3、请求头:

 #    cookie

 #    User-agent

 #    Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html

 #    X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984

 #    X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78

 #    X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest

 # 4、请求体：

 # isValidate:true

 # username:15131252215

 # password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d

 # request_form_verifyCode:''

 # submit:''

 r2 = requests.post(

     'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',

     headers={

         'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',

         'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',

         'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code,

         'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token,

         'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'

     },

     data={

         "isValidate": True,

         'username': '',

         'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d',

         'request_form_verifyCode': '',

         'submit': ''

     },

     cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()

 )

 print(r2.text)

拉勾网

巴特西

requests and BeautifulSoup

requests

BeautifulSoup

一大波"自动登陆"示例

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