Cairo编程
2024-10-15 00:22:18
一、简介
cairo 是一个免费的矢量绘图软件库，它可以绘制多种输出格式。cairo 支持许多平台，包括 Linux、BSD、Microsoft® Windows® 和 OSX（BeOS 和 OS2 后端也正在开发）。Linux 绘图可以通过 X Window 系统、Quartz、图像缓冲格式或 OpenGL 上下文来实现。另外，cairo 还支持生成 PostScript 或 PDF 输出，从而产生高质量的打印结果。在理想情况下，cairo 的用户可以在打印机和屏幕上获得非常接近的输出效果。
专业术语
1、环境 (Context)
使用 Cairo 绘图，必须要首先创建 Cairo 环境 (Context)。Cairo 环境保存着所有的图形状态参数，这些参数描述了图形的构成，譬如线条宽度、颜色、要绘制的外观 (Surface) 以及其它一些信息。Cairo 环境允许真正的绘图函数使用很少的一部分参数，以此提高接口的易用性。调用 gdk_cairo_create () 函数可为所绘制的图形创建一个 Cairo 环境。
cairo_t * cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window);
这两行代码创建了一个 Cairo 环境，并且这个 Cairo 环境是关联到 GdkDrawable 对象上的。cairo_t 结构体包含了当前渲染设备的状态，也包含了所绘制图形的坐标。从技术上来讲，cairo_t 就是所谓的 Cairo 环境。
Cairo 所有的绘图函数都要去操作 cairo_t 对象。一个 Cairo 环境可以被关联到一种特定的外观，譬如 pdf、svg、png、GdkDrawable 等。
GDK 没有对 Cairo API 进行封装，它只允许创建一个可基于 GdkDrawable 对象绘制图形的 Cairo 环境。有一些 GDK 函数可以将 GDK 的矩形或填充区域转换为 Cairo Path (路径)，然后使用 Cairo 绘图与渲染。
2、路径 (Path)
一条 Path（路径）通常是由一条或多条首尾相接的直线段构成的，也可以由直线段与曲线段构成。路径可分为 Open（开放）类型与 Closed（闭合）类型，前者的首尾端点不重合，后者的首尾端点重合。
在 Cairo 中，绘图要从一条空路径开始，首先定义一条路径，然后通过绘制/填充操作使之可见。要注意的是，每次调用 cairo_stroke () 或 cairo_fill () 函数之后，路径会被清空，不得不再定义新的路径。
一条路径可由一些子路径构成。
3、源 (Source)
源好比绘图中所使用的画笔/颜料，使用它来绘制/填充图形轮廓。有 4 种基本的源：color、gradient、pattern 与 image。
4、外观 (Surface)
Surface 就是要绘制图形的最终体现形式，譬如可使用 PDF 或 PostScript 外观实现文本内容的渲染，或者使用 Xlib、Win32 外观实现屏幕绘图。
Cairo 具体有那些外观类型，可参考其定义：
typedef enum _cairo_surface_type {
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_IMAGE,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_PDF,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_PS,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_XLIB,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_XCB,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_GLITZ,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_QUARTZ,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_WIN32,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_BEOS,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_DIRECTFB,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SVG,
CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_OS2
} cairo_surface_type_t;
5、蒙板 (Mask)
在源作用于外观之前，可对其实现过滤，蒙板 (mask) 即是过滤器。蒙板决定哪些源可被显示。蒙板不透明的部分允许复制源至外观，蒙板透明的部分则禁止复制源至外观。、
6、图案 (Pattern)
图案表示被绘制到外观的源。在 Cairo 中，图案是一种可以读取的内容，可用作绘图操作的源或蒙板。图案可以是纯色模式、基于外观的模式以及渐变模式。
二、编译与安装
参考：http://cairographics.org/download/
执行以下命令，即可完成安装
sudo yum install cairo-devel
如下图
三、编程
程序1：用于生成 PNG 图像
#include <cairo.h> int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
cairo_surface_t *surface;
cairo_t *cr; surface =cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32, 400, 800);
cr = cairo_create (surface); cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 0, 0);
cairo_rectangle(cr,0,0,400,800);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_select_font_face (cr, "Adobe Heiti Std", CAIRO_FONT_SLANT_NORMAL, CAIRO_FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL);
cairo_set_font_size (cr, 30.0); cairo_move_to (cr, 100, 400);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 1, 0);
cairo_show_text (cr, "I Love Chinese !"); cairo_surface_write_to_png (surface, "image.png"); cairo_destroy (cr);
cairo_surface_destroy (surface); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-1.o example-1.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo
运行
程序2：用于生成 PDF 图像
#include <cairo.h>
#include <cairo-pdf.h> int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
cairo_surface_t *surface;
cairo_t *cr; surface = cairo_pdf_surface_create ("pdffile.pdf", 20, 40);
cr = cairo_create (surface); cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 0, 0);
cairo_rectangle(cr,0,0,20,40);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_select_font_face (cr, "WenQuanYi Zen Hei", CAIRO_FONT_SLANT_NORMAL, CAIRO_FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL);
cairo_set_font_size (cr, 5); cairo_move_to (cr, 0, 20);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 1, 0);
cairo_show_text (cr, "热爱编程"); cairo_show_page (cr); cairo_destroy (cr);
cairo_surface_destroy (surface); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-2.o example-2.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo
运行
程序3：用于生成 SVG 图像
#include <cairo.h>
#include <cairo-svg.h> int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
cairo_surface_t *surface;
cairo_t *cr; surface = cairo_svg_surface_create ("svgfile.svg", 20, 40);
cr = cairo_create (surface); cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 0, 0);
cairo_rectangle(cr,0,0,20,40);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_select_font_face (cr, "WenQuanYi Zen Hei", CAIRO_FONT_SLANT_NORMAL, CAIRO_FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL);
cairo_set_font_size (cr, 5); cairo_move_to (cr, 0, 20);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 1, 0);
cairo_show_text (cr, "热爱编程"); cairo_destroy (cr);
cairo_surface_destroy (surface); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-3.o example-3.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo
运行
程序4：在 GTK 窗口中使用 Cairo 绘制图形
要在 GTK+ 窗口中绘制 Cairo 图形，可以使用 GtkDrawingArea widget 或者更为简单的 GtkWindow widget，本例选择 GtkWindow 。由 GtkWindow widget 对 expose-event 信号处理后，默认要重新绘制窗口背景，这会将我们在 on_expose_event () 函数中定义的 Cairo 图形覆盖掉，因此需要调用 gtk_widget_set_app_paintable () 函数通知 GTK+ 不要这么干。如果是在 GtkDrawingArea widget 中绘制 Cairo 图形，则可省区这一步。
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h> static gboolean on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget, GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr; cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window); cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.627, 0, 0);
cairo_select_font_face (cr, "WenQuanYi Zen Hei", CAIRO_FONT_SLANT_NORMAL, CAIRO_FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL);
cairo_set_font_size (cr, 24.0); cairo_move_to (cr, 10.0, 34.0);
cairo_show_text (cr, "编程艺术"); cairo_destroy (cr); return FALSE;
} int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{ GtkWidget *window; gtk_init (&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect (window, "expose-event", G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect (window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 320, 48);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable (window, TRUE); gtk_widget_show_all (window); gtk_main (); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-5.o example-5.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
程序5：绘制动态图形
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <math.h> cairo_surface_t *image; static gboolean on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr; static gint pos_x = 128;
static gint pos_y = 128;
gint radius = 40; static gint delta[] = { 3, 3 }; cr = gdk_cairo_create(widget->window); gint width, height;
gtk_window_get_size(GTK_WINDOW(widget), &width, &height); if (pos_x < 0 + radius)
{
delta[0] = rand() % 4 + 5;
}
else if (pos_x > width - radius)
{
delta[0] = -(rand() % 4 + 5);
} if (pos_y < 0 + radius)
{
delta[1] = rand() % 4 + 5;
}
else if (pos_y > height - radius)
{
delta[1] = -(rand() % 4 + 5);
} pos_x += delta[0];
pos_y += delta[1]; cairo_set_source_surface(cr, image, 1, 1);
cairo_arc(cr, pos_x, pos_y, radius, 0, 2*M_PI);
cairo_clip(cr);
cairo_paint(cr); cairo_destroy(cr); return FALSE;
} static gboolean time_handler (GtkWidget *widget)
{
if (widget->window == NULL) return FALSE;
gtk_widget_queue_draw(widget);
return TRUE;
} int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
gint width, height; image = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png("turnacastle.png");
width = cairo_image_surface_get_width(image);
height = cairo_image_surface_get_height(image); gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), width+2, height+2); gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all(window);
g_timeout_add(100, (GSourceFunc) time_handler, (gpointer) window); gtk_main(); cairo_surface_destroy(image); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-6.o example-6.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
程序6：相交区域处理示例
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <math.h> static gboolean on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create(widget->window); static gboolean xdirection = TRUE;
static gint counter = 0; int width, height;
gtk_window_get_size(GTK_WINDOW(widget), &width, &height); static gdouble rotate = 0; static gint bigx = 20;
static gint bigy = 200;
static gint delta = 1; counter += 1; if (bigx > width)
{
xdirection = FALSE;
delta = -delta;
bigx = width;
} if (bigx < 1)
{
bigx = 1;
delta = -delta;
} if (bigy > height)
{
xdirection = TRUE;
delta = -delta;
bigy = height;
} if (bigy < 1)
{
delta = -delta;
bigy = 1;
} if (xdirection)
{
bigx += delta;
}
else
{
bigy += delta;
} cairo_translate(cr, width / 2, height /2); cairo_rectangle(cr, -bigx/2, -bigy/2, bigx-2, bigy-2);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_set_line_width(cr, 1);
cairo_stroke(cr); cairo_rotate(cr, rotate);
rotate += 0.01; cairo_rectangle(cr, -50, -25, 100, 50);
cairo_stroke(cr); GdkRectangle bigrect;
GdkRectangle rect;
GdkRectangle intersect; bigrect.x = -bigx/2;
bigrect.y = -bigy/2;
bigrect.width = bigx -2;
bigrect.height = bigy -2; rect.x = -50;
rect.y = -25;
rect.width = 100;
rect.height = 50; gdk_rectangle_intersect(&bigrect, &rect, &intersect);
cairo_rectangle(cr, intersect.x, intersect.y, intersect.width, intersect.height);
cairo_fill(cr); cairo_destroy(cr); return FALSE;
} static gboolean time_handler (GtkWidget *widget)
{
if (widget->window == NULL) return FALSE;
gtk_widget_queue_draw(widget);
return TRUE;
} int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{ GtkWidget *window; gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 250, 200); gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all(window);
g_timeout_add(5, (GSourceFunc) time_handler, (gpointer) window); gtk_main(); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-7.o example-7.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
程序7：遮蔽应用示例
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h> static gboolean on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cairo_surface_t *surface; cr = gdk_cairo_create(widget->window); cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0, 0, 0); surface = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png("omen.png");
cairo_mask_surface(cr, surface, 0, 0);
cairo_fill(cr); cairo_surface_destroy(surface);
cairo_destroy(cr); return FALSE;
} int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window; gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 305, 100); gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "mask");
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all(window); gtk_main(); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-8.o example-8.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
程序8：平移变换示例
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h> static gboolean on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr; cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window); cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 20, 20, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr); cairo_translate(cr, 100, 100); //通过平移用于空间的原点来修改当前的变换矩阵 cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 20, 20, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr); cairo_destroy(cr); return FALSE;
} int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window; gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect(window, "expose-event", G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 230);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE); gtk_widget_show_all(window); gtk_main(); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-9.o example-9.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
程序9：旋转变换示例
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <math.h> static gboolean on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr; cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window); cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 20, 20, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr); cairo_translate(cr, 150, 100);
cairo_rotate(cr, M_PI/2); //围绕原点旋转180° cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 20, 20, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr); cairo_destroy(cr); return FALSE;
} int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window; gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect(window, "expose-event", G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 300, 230);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE); gtk_widget_show_all(window); gtk_main(); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-10.o example-10.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
程序10：缩放变换示例
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h> static gboolean on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr; cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window); cairo_save(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 20, 30, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_restore(cr); cairo_save(cr);
cairo_translate(cr, 130, 30);
cairo_scale(cr, 0.7, 0.7); //对图形进行缩小操作 cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 0, 0, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_restore(cr); cairo_save(cr);
cairo_translate(cr, 220, 30);
cairo_scale(cr, 1.5, 1.5); //对图形进行放大操作 cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 0, 0, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_restore(cr); cairo_destroy(cr); return FALSE;
} int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window; gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect(window, "expose-event", G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 360, 140);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE); gtk_widget_show_all(window); gtk_main(); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-11.o example-11.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
程序11：错切变换示例
#include <cairo.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h> static gboolean on_expose_event(GtkWidget *widget, GdkEventExpose *event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cairo_matrix_t matrix; cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window); cairo_save(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 20, 30, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_restore(cr); cairo_save(cr);
cairo_translate(cr, 130, 30);
cairo_matrix_init(&matrix,
1.0, 0.5,
0.0, 1.0,
0.0, 0.0); cairo_transform (cr, &matrix); cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 0, 0, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_restore(cr); cairo_save(cr);
cairo_translate(cr, 220, 30);
cairo_matrix_init(&matrix,
1.0, 0.0,
0.7, 1.0,
0.0, 0.0); cairo_transform(cr, &matrix); cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle(cr, 0, 0, 80, 50);
cairo_stroke_preserve(cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb(cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill(cr);
cairo_restore(cr); cairo_destroy(cr); return FALSE;
} int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window; gtk_init(&argc, &argv); window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); g_signal_connect(window, "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect(window, "destroy", G_CALLBACK(gtk_main_quit), NULL); gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 360, 140);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE); gtk_widget_show_all(window); gtk_main(); return 0;
}
编译
gcc -o example-12.o example-12.c -lcairo -I/usr/include/cairo `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
运行
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