multiprocessor（下)

一、数据共享

展望未来，基于消息传递的并发编程是大势所趋即便是使用线程，推荐做法也是将程序设计为大量独立的线程集合，通过消息队列交换数据。这样极大地减少了对使用锁定和其他同步手段的需求，还可以扩展到分布式系统中。

进程间应该尽量避免通信，即便需要通信，也应该选择进程安全的工具来避免加锁带来的问题，应该尽量避免使用本节所讲的共享数据的方式，以后我们会尝试使用数据库来解决进程之间的数据共享问题。

进程之间数据共享的模块之一Manager模块。

进程间数据是独立的，可以借助于队列或管道实现通信，二者都是基于消息传递的

虽然进程间数据独立，但可以通过Manager实现数据共享，事实上Manager的功能远不止于此

A manager object returned by Manager() controls a server process which holds Python objects and allows other processes to manipulate them using proxies.

A manager returned by Manager() will support types list, dict, Namespace, Lock, RLock, Semaphore, BoundedSemaphore, Condition, Event, Barrier, Queue, Value and Array.

多进程共同去处理共享数据的时候，就和我们多进程同时去操作一个文件中的数据是一样的，不加锁就会出现错误的结果，进程不安全的，所以也需要加锁。

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from multiprocessing import Manager,Process,Lock

def work(d,lock):

    with lock: #不加锁而操作共享的数据,肯定会出现数据错乱

        d['count']-=1

if __name__ == '__main__':

    lock=Lock()

    with Manager() as m:

        dic=m.dict({'count':100})

        p_l=[]

        for i in range(100):

            p=Process(target=work,args=(dic,lock))

            p_l.append(p)

            p.start()

        for p in p_l:

            p.join()

        print(dic)   #0,加了锁后

#100减100次1这么慢? 不是减操作造成的 而是开启进程 管理进程 销毁进程拖慢了程序的执行速度

# 为什么在这里出现了数据不安全的现象?

# 什么情况下会出现数据不安全 : Manager类当中对字典\列表  += -= *= /=

# 如何解决 : 加锁

总结一下：进程之间通信：队列、管道、数据共享也算
- 下面要讲的信号量和事件也相当于锁，也是全局的，所有进程都能拿到这些锁的状态，进程之间这些锁啊信号量啊事件啊等等的通信，其实底层还是socekt，只不过是基于文件的socket通信，而不是跟上面的数据共享啊空间共享啊之类的机制，我们之前学的是基于网络的socket通信，还记得socket的两个家族吗，一个文件的一个网络的，所以将来如果说这些锁之类的报错，可能你看到的就是类似于socket的错误，简单知道一下就可以啦~~~
  
  工作中常用的是锁，信号量和事件不常用，但是信号量和事件面试的时候会问到，你能知道就行啦

二、信息量（进程中的，也有线程的）

信息量Semaphore介绍

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互斥锁同时只允许一个线程更改数据，而信号量Semaphore是同时允许一定数量的线程更改数据 。

假设商场里有4个迷你唱吧，所以同时可以进去4个人，如果来了第五个人就要在外面等待，等到有人出来才能再进去玩。

实现：

信号量同步基于内部计数器，每调用一次acquire()，计数器减1；每调用一次release()，计数器加1.当计数器为0时，acquire()调用被阻塞。这是迪科斯彻（Dijkstra）信号量概念P()和V()的Python实现。信号量同步机制适用于访问像服务器这样的有限资源。

信号量与进程池的概念很像，但是要区分开，信号量涉及到加锁的概念

比如大保健：提前设定好，一个房间只有4个床（计数器现在为4），那么同时只能四个人进来，谁先来的谁先占一个床（acquire，计数器减1），4个床满了之后（计数器为0了），第五个人就要等着，等其中一个人出来（release，计数器加1），他就去占用那个床了。

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from multiprocessing import Process,Semaphore

import time,random

def go_ktv(sem,user):

    sem.acquire()

    print('%s 占到一间ktv小屋' %user)

    time.sleep(random.randint(0,3)) #模拟每个人在ktv中待的时间不同

    sem.release()

if __name__ == '__main__':

    sem=Semaphore(4)

    p_l=[]

    for i in range(13):

        p=Process(target=go_ktv,args=(sem,'user%s' %i,))

        p.start()

        p_l.append(p)

    for i in p_l:

        i.join()

    print('============》')

#模拟6个人去ktv唱歌

import time

import random

from multiprocessing import Process,Semaphore

def ktv(i):

    print('person %s 进来唱歌了'%i)

    time.sleep(random.randint(1,5))

    print('person %s 从ktv出去了'%i)

if __name__ == '__main__':

    for i in range(6):  # 模拟6个人

        Process(target=ktv,args=(i,)).start()  #结果发现有问题，6个人一拥而入，没有次序乱了

#使用semaphore来设置一次进去的人数，KTV 4个人

import time

import random

from multiprocessing import Process,Semaphore

def ktv(i,sem):

    sem.acquire()  #取得锁

    print('person %s 进来唱歌了'%i)

    time.sleep(random.randint(1,5))

    print('person %s 从ktv出去了'%i)

    sem.release()  #释放锁

if __name__ == '__main__':

    sem = Semaphore(4)  #初始化信号量，数量为4

    for i in range(6):  # 模拟6个人

        Process(target=ktv,args=(i,sem)).start()

#在同一时间，最多有4个人进去

acquire()是一个阻塞行为，信号量和锁有点类似

那么它们之间的区别在于：

信号量，相当于计数器

它是锁+计数器

调用acquire() 计数器-1

当计数器到 0 时，再调用 acquire() 就会阻塞，直到其他线程来调用release()

调用release() 计数器+1

三、事件

四、进程池

五、死锁（进程）

在多道程序系统中，由于多个进程的并发执行，改善了系统资源的利用率并提高了系统的处理能力。然而，多个进程的并发执行也带来了新的问题——死锁。所谓死锁是指多个进程因竞争资源而造成的一种僵局，若无外力作用，这些进程都将无法向前推进。
出现的原因：

代码示例

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from threading import Thread,Lock

import time

mutexA=Lock()

mutexB=Lock()

class MyThread(Thread):

    def run(self):

        self.func1()

        self.func2()

    def func1(self):

        mutexA.acquire()

        print('\033[41m%s 拿到A锁\033[0m' %self.name)

        mutexB.acquire()

        print('\033[42m%s 拿到B锁\033[0m' %self.name)

        mutexB.release()

        mutexA.release()

    def func2(self):

        mutexB.acquire()

        print('\033[43m%s 拿到B锁\033[0m' %self.name)

        time.sleep(2)

        mutexA.acquire()

        print('\033[44m%s 拿到A锁\033[0m' %self.name)

        mutexA.release()

        mutexB.release()

if __name__ == '__main__':

    for i in range(5):

        t=MyThread()

        t.start()

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.CodeMirror-measure { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-measure pre { position: static; }
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { position: absolute; visibility: hidden; border-right: none; width: 0px; }
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: hidden; }
.CodeMirror-focused div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: inherit; }
.cm-searching { background: rgba(255, 255, 0, 0.4); }
@media print {
.CodeMirror div.CodeMirror-cursor { visibility: hidden; }
}

:root { --side-bar-bg-color: #eee8d5; --text-color: #839496; --item-hover-bg-color: #eee8d5; --window-border: 1px solid #93a1a1; --active-file-bg-color: #fdf6e3; --active-file-text-color: #93a1a1; --item-hover-text-color: #93a1a1; }
html { font-size: 16px; }
body { font-family: Consolas, Mononoki, "Roboto Sans", "Liberation Mono", monospace; color: rgb(88, 110, 117); line-height: 1.6; background-color: rgb(253, 246, 227); }
#write { max-width: 860px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 20px 30px 100px; }
#write > ul:first-child, #write > ol:first-child { margin-top: 30px; }
body > :first-child { margin-top: 0px !important; }
body > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0px !important; }
a { color: rgb(38, 139, 210); }
a:hover { color: rgb(203, 75, 22); }
.md-toc-inner { color: rgb(147, 161, 161) !important; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { position: relative; margin-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4; cursor: text; }
h1:hover a.anchor, h2:hover a.anchor, h3:hover a.anchor, h4:hover a.anchor, h5:hover a.anchor, h6:hover a.anchor { text-decoration: none; }
h1 tt, h1 code { font-size: inherit; }
h2 tt, h2 code { font-size: inherit; }
h3 tt, h3 code { font-size: inherit; }
h4 tt, h4 code { font-size: inherit; }
h5 tt, h5 code { font-size: inherit; }
h6 tt, h6 code { font-size: inherit; }
h1 { padding-bottom: 0.3em; font-size: 2.25em; line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 232, 213); }
h2 { padding-bottom: 0.3em; font-size: 1.75em; line-height: 1.225; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(238, 232, 213); }
h3 { font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.43; }
h4 { font-size: 1.25em; }
h5 { font-size: 1em; }
h6 { font-size: 1em; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); }
p, ul, ol, dl, table { margin: 0.8em 0px; }
blockquote { margin: 1.6em 3.2em; }
li > ol, li > ul { margin: 0px; }
hr { height: 1px; padding: 0px; margin: 24px 0px; background-color: rgb(238, 232, 213); border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-image: initial; overflow: hidden; box-sizing: content-box; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 232, 213); }
body > h2:first-child { margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; }
body > h1:first-child { margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; }
body > h1:first-child + h2 { margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; }
body > h3:first-child, body > h4:first-child, body > h5:first-child, body > h6:first-child { margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; }
a:first-child h1, a:first-child h2, a:first-child h3, a:first-child h4, a:first-child h5, a:first-child h6 { margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; }
h1 p, h2 p, h3 p, h4 p, h5 p, h6 p { margin-top: 0px; }
li p.first { display: inline-block; }
ul, ol { padding-left: 30px; }
ul:first-child, ol:first-child { margin-top: 0px; }
ul:last-child, ol:last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
blockquote { border-left: 4px solid rgb(181, 137, 0); padding: 0px 15px; color: rgb(147, 161, 161); }
blockquote blockquote { padding-right: 0px; }
table { padding: 0px; word-break: initial; }
table tr { border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
table tr:nth-child(2n) { background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); }
table tr th { font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); text-align: left; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr td { border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); text-align: left; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 13px; }
table tr th:first-child, table tr td:first-child { margin-top: 0px; }
table tr th:last-child, table tr td:last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
.CodeMirror-gutters { border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); }
.md-fences, code, tt { background-color: rgb(238, 232, 213); color: rgb(203, 75, 22); border-radius: 3px; font-family: Consolas, Mononoki, "Roboto Mono", "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace; padding: 2px 4px 0px; font-size: 0.9em; }
.md-fences { margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; padding: 8px 1em 6px; }
.task-list { padding-left: 0px; }
.task-list-item { padding-left: 32px; }
.task-list-item input { top: 3px; left: 8px; }
@media screen and (min-width: 914px) {
}
@media print {
html { font-size: 13px; }
table, pre { break-inside: avoid; }
pre { word-wrap: break-word; }
}
.md-fences { background-color: rgb(238, 232, 213); }
#write pre.md-meta-block { padding: 1rem; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.45; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; border-radius: 3px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); margin-top: 0px !important; }
.mathjax-block > .code-tooltip { bottom: 0.375rem; }
#write > h3.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.375rem; }
#write > h4.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.285714rem; }
#write > h5.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.285714rem; }
#write > h6.md-focus::before { left: -1.5625rem; top: 0.285714rem; }
.md-image > .md-meta { border-radius: 3px; font-family: Consolas, Mononoki, "Roboto Mono", "Liberation Mono", Courier, monospace; padding: 8px 16px; font-size: 0.9em; color: inherit; }
.md-tag { color: inherit; }
.md-toc { margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; }
.sidebar-tabs { border-bottom: none; }
#typora-quick-open { background-color: rgb(238, 232, 213); }
#typora-quick-open-item { background-color: rgb(250, 250, 250); border-color: rgb(254, 254, 254) rgb(229, 229, 229) rgb(229, 229, 229) rgb(238, 238, 238); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; }
#md-notification::before { top: 10px; }
.on-focus-mode blockquote { border-left-color: rgba(85, 85, 85, 0.12); }
header, .context-menu, .megamenu-content, footer { font-family: Consolas, Mononoki, "Roboto Mono", "Liberation Mono", monospace; }
.file-node-content:hover .file-node-icon, .file-node-content:hover .file-node-open-state { visibility: visible; }
.mac-seamless-mode #typora-sidebar { background-color: var(--side-bar-bg-color); }

.typora-export li, .typora-export p, .typora-export, .footnote-line {white-space: normal;}
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巴特西