Interaction Design
- Designing interactive products to support people in their everyday and working lives.
Goals of ID
- Allows users to carry out tasks safely, effectively, efficiently, and enjoyably.

HCI is worth studying because it aligns both human interests and economic interests.
The HCI discipline includes the study of:
- the use and context of computers
- human characterstics
- computer system and interface architecture
- the development process

History of HCI

key people, events and ideas

Keyboards & terminals are just artifacts of today's technologies

artifact: 人造物->我们或许也可以某种程度上改变世界
New input/output devices will change the way we interact with computers

"As we may think" article in Atlantic Monthly

建议阅读 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/
Identified the information storage and retrieval problem: new knowledge does not reach the people who could benefit from it.

"publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record"
Bush's Memex
- Conceiving Hypertext and the World Wide Web
  - a device where individuals stores all personal books, records, communication.etc
  - items retrieved rapidly through indexing, keywords, cross references,...
  - can annotate text with margin notes comments...
  - can construct and save a trail (chain of links) through the material
  - acts as an external memory
- Bush's Memex based on microfilm recorder
  - but not implemented

布什认为世界是模糊的，应当以模糊的方式来处理，所以他不支持数字计算机

↑ 涉及到世界认知的本源问题——如果世界的本源是离散的，那么离散建模没有问题；如果世界的本源并非离散，那么有可能现在阶段的建模是完全错误的

"Computing's Johnny Appleseed"
His ideas foretold of graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate to wherever it was needed.
Outlined "man-computer symbiosis"
Immediate goals
- time sharing of computers among many users
  
  分时技术
- electronic i/o for the display and communication of symbolic and pictorial information
- interactive real time system for information processing and programming
- large scale information storage and retrieval
  
  目前其实仍未做到
- facilitation of human cooperation in the design & programming of large systems
- combined speech recognition, hand-printed character recognition & light-pen editing
Long tem visions
- natural language understanding (syntax, semantics, pragmatics)
  - syntax 语法：The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence
  - semantics 语义：The study or science of meaning in language forms
  - pragmatics 语用：The study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors(对话者) and their behavior
- speech recognition of arbitrary computer users
- heuristic programming

发明了用光笔在屏幕上可以作CAD图形，成为计算机图形学&计算机辅助设计的奠基人

The problem (early '50s)
- "... The world is getting more complex, and problems are getting more urgent. These must be dealt with collectively. However, human abilities to deal collectively with complex/urgent problems are not increasing as fast as these problems"
- "If you could do something to improve human capability to deal with these problems, then you'd really contribute something basic."
- 探讨知识爆炸问题->中国较美国的知识爆炸期晚了约40年
A Conceptual Framework for Augmenting Human Intellect (SRI Report, 1962)

巴特西