linux命令之文本查看

vi掌握练习：

英文文档，相同的单词复制粘贴光标移动编辑等操作；

cat：显示文件所有内容，小文件查看时使用。

缺点：文件大时不方便查看，文件很大时，会抢占系统资源，会出现命令崩溃。

[zyj@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/passwd

root:x:::root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:::bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:::daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:::adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:x:::lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:::sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:::shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

halt:x:::halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt

mail:x:::mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

uucp:x:::uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin

operator:x:::operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

games:x:::games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin

gopher:x:::gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin

ftp:x:::FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

nobody:x:::Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin

dbus:x:::System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin

usbmuxd:x:::usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin

rtkit:x:::RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin

avahi-autoipd:x:::Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin

vcsa:x:::virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin

abrt:x::::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin

haldaemon:x:::HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin

ntp:x::::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin

apache:x:::Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin

saslauth:x:::Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin

postfix:x::::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin

gdm:x::::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin

pulse:x:::PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin

sshd:x:::Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin

tcpdump:x::::/:/sbin/nologin

zyj:x::: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash

tac：倒序读文件

[zyj@localhost ~]$ tac /etc/passwd

zyj:x::: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash

tcpdump:x::::/:/sbin/nologin

sshd:x:::Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin

pulse:x:::PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin

gdm:x::::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin

postfix:x::::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin

saslauth:x:::Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin

apache:x:::Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin

ntp:x::::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin

haldaemon:x:::HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin

abrt:x::::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin

vcsa:x:::virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin

avahi-autoipd:x:::Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin

rtkit:x:::RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin

usbmuxd:x:::usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin

dbus:x:::System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin

nobody:x:::Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin

ftp:x:::FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

gopher:x:::gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin

games:x:::games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin

operator:x:::operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

uucp:x:::uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin

mail:x:::mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

halt:x:::halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt

shutdown:x:::shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

sync:x:::sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

lp:x:::lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:::adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:::daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

bin:x:::bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

root:x:::root:/root:/bin/bash

[zyj@localhost ~]$

more：显示一个版面，按空格继续显示，并显示百分比，按q退出查看。

less：一行一行显示，和more差不多

[zyj@localhost ~]$ more /etc/profile

# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup

# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you

# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in

# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this

# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

pathmunge () {

    case ":${PATH}:" in

        *:"$1":*)

            ;;

        *)

            if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then

                PATH=$PATH:$

            else

                PATH=$:$PATH

            fi

    esac

}

if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then

    if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then

        # ksh workaround

        EUID=`/usr/bin/id -u`

        UID=`/usr/bin/id -ru`

    fi

    USER="`/usr/bin/id -un`"

    LOGNAME=$USER

    MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER"

fi

# Path manipulation

--More--(%)

tail：查看文件的末尾，默认显示尾部10行，查看新增日志文件。可以通过-加数字选择查看尾部具体的行数；

[zyj@localhost ~]$ tail /etc/profile

        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then

            . "$i"

        else

            . "$i" >/dev/null >&

        fi

    fi

done

unset i

unset -f pathmunge

[zyj@localhost ~]$

[zyj@localhost ~]$ tail-f  /etc/profile   //查看实时日志，新增的日志追加显示出来。

-bash: tail-f: command not found

[zyj@localhost ~]$ tail -f  /etc/profile

        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then

            . "$i"

        else

            . "$i" >/dev/null >&

        fi

    fi

done

unset i

unset -f pathmunge

 [zyj@localhost ~]$ tail -  /etc/profile    //显示尾部后5行

     fi

 done

 unset i

 unset -f pathmunge

 [zyj@localhost ~]$

head：默认显示前10行，可以通过-加数字选择查看前面具体的行数；

[zyj@localhost ~]$ head /etc/profile

# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup

# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you

# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in

# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this

# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

[zyj@localhost ~]$

 [zyj@localhost ~]$ head - /etc/profile  //显示前5行

 # /etc/profile

 # System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup

 # Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

 [zyj@localhost ~]$

查找文件命令find

[zyj@localhost home]$ find h* //在当前目录下查找以h开头的文件

hello.txt

[zyj@localhost home]$ find /etc/pass* //etc目录下查找以pass开头的文件

/etc/passwd

/etc/passwd-

/etc/passwd.OLD

[zyj@localhost ~]$ find /etc/pass* -print //etc目录下查找以pass开头的文件，并显示出来

/etc/passwd

/etc/passwd-

/etc/passwd.OLD

在文件内容中查找关键字grep

[zyj@localhost ~]$ grep 'root' /etc/passwd //查找passwd中包含root的内容

root:x:::root:/root:/bin/bash

operator:x:::operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

[zyj@localhost ~]$ grep '^root' /etc/passwd //以root作为行的开始的内容

root:x:::root:/root:/bin/bash

[zyj@localhost ~]$ grep 'bash$' /etc/passwd   //查找以bash结尾的内容

root:x:::root:/root:/bin/bash

zyj:x::: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash

管道：把管道左边的命令执行的结果传给右边的命令；命令1|命令2|命令3......

[zyj@localhost ~]$ head - /etc/profile

# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup

# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you

# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in

# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this

# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

[zyj@localhost ~]$ head - /etc/profile | tail - //前9行的倒数第一行即第9行；

# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

[zyj@localhost ~]$ ls -al | more //显示多的时候可以通过管道后配置more、less使用

total

drwx------. zyj zyj Apr : .

drwxr-xr-x. root root Apr : ..

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .ICEauthority

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .bash_history

-rw-r--r--. zyj zyj Mar .bash_logout

-rw-r--r--. zyj zyj Mar .bash_profile

-rw-r--r--. zyj zyj Apr : .bashrc

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .cache

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .config

drwx------. zyj zyj Apr : .dbus

-rw-r--r--. zyj zyj Apr : .dmrc

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .esd_auth

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .fontconfig

drwx------. zyj zyj Apr : .gconf

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .gnome2

drwxrwxr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .gnote

drwx------. zyj zyj Apr : .gnupg

-rw-rw-r--. zyj zyj Apr : .gtk-bookmarks

drwx------. zyj zyj Apr : .gvfs

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .lesshst

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .local

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .mozilla

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : .nautilus

drwx------. zyj zyj Apr : .pulse

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .pulse-cookie

drwx------. zyj zyj Apr : .ssh

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .viminfo

-rw-rw-r--. zyj zyj Apr : .vimrc

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .xsession-errors

-rw-------. zyj zyj Apr : .xsession-errors.old

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : Desktop

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : Documents

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : Downloads

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : Music

drwxr-xr-x. zyj zyj Apr : Pictures

--more

[zyj@localhost ~]$ ps aux | grep tty //查找包含tty的进程

root         0.0  0.0       tty2     Ss+  :   : /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2

root         0.0  0.0       tty3     Ss+  :   : /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty3

root         0.0  0.0       tty4     Ss+  :   : /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty4

root         0.0  0.0       tty5     Ss+  :   : /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty5

root         0.0  0.0       tty6     Ss+  :   : /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6

root         0.1  2.4   tty1     Ss+  :   : /usr/bin/Xorg : -br -verbose -audit  -auth /var/run/gdm/auth-for-gdm-cxJWaZ/database -nolisten tcp vt1

zyj          0.0  0.0     pts/    S+   :   : grep tty

[zyj@localhost ~]$

[zyj@localhost ~]$ ps aux | grep tty | grep tty2 //命令1|命令2

root  0.0 0.0   tty2 Ss+ : : /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2

zyj  0.0 0.0   pts/ S+ : : grep tty2

[zyj@localhost ~]$ ls /etc/ | grep passwd //在etc下的文件中查找有passwd的内容；

passwd

passwd-

passwd.OLD

[zyj@localhost ~]$ find /etc/pass*

/etc/passwd

/etc/passwd-

/etc/passwd.OLD

文本处理：

cut：切文件,常用-d 和-f 选项。

[zyj@localhost home]$ echo "1,2,3,4,5" | cut -d',' -f1 //以逗号为分隔符分割，并显示分割后的第一个字符串。

[zyj@localhost home]$ echo "1,12,23,44,55" | cut -d',' -f1,//以逗号为分隔符分割，并显示分割后的第一个和第4个字符串。

,

[zyj@localhost home]$ echo "1,12,23,44,55" | cut -d',' -f1-//以逗号为分隔符分割，并显示分割后的第一个和第5个字符串

,,,,

[zyj@localhost home]$ tail - /etc/passwd | cut -d":" -f1

zyj

sort：排序

[zyj@localhost ~]$ du /home/zyj/ | grep mozilla | sort -n //升序排序

       /home/zyj/.mozilla/extensions

       /home/zyj/.mozilla/plugins

      /home/zyj/.mozilla

[zyj@localhost ~]$ du /home/zyj/ | grep mozilla | sort -n -r //降序排序

      /home/zyj/.mozilla

       /home/zyj/.mozilla/plugins

       /home/zyj/.mozilla/extensions

[zyj@localhost home]$ sort /etc/passwd //字符串排序

abrt:x::::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:::adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

apache:x:::Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin

avahi-autoipd:x:::Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin

bin:x:::bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:::daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

dbus:x:::System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin

ftp:x:::FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

games:x:::games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin

gdm:x::::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin

gopher:x:::gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin

haldaemon:x:::HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin

halt:x:::halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt

lp:x:::lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

mail:x:::mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

nobody:x:::Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin

ntp:x::::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin

operator:x:::operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

postfix:x::::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin

pulse:x:::PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin

root:x:::root:/root:/bin/bash

rtkit:x:::RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin

saslauth:x:::Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin

shutdown:x:::shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

sshd:x:::Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:::sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

tcpdump:x::::/:/sbin/nologin

usbmuxd:x:::usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin

uucp:x:::uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin

vcsa:x:::virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin

zyj:x::: python_full:/home/zyj:/bin/bash

linux引号：

1、双引号“” 弱引号，会解析特殊符号，如$

2、单引号‘’ 强引号，引号引起的地方为字符串

3、反引号·：命令替换。

[zyj@localhost ~]$ a=

[zyj@localhost ~]$ echo "$a"

[zyj@localhost ~]$ echo '$a'

$a

[zyj@localhost ~]$ whoami

zyj

[zyj@localhost ~]$ echo "whoami"

whoami

[zyj@localhost ~]$ echo 'whoami'

whoami

[zyj@localhost ~]$ echo `whoami` //数字1旁边的按键

zyj

[zyj@localhost ~]$

巴特西

linux命令之文本查看

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