首先请大牛们见谅菜鸟重复造轮子的学习方式,本文适合新手看~

  下面使用的同步http是HttpClient 3.X的版本,不过早已不在维护,如果刚开始使用http,建议大家都换成4.X版本,别看下面的有关同步http的部分了,4.x效率有质地提高,总结3.X只是因为无奈旧项目还在使用。后面再更新一篇有关4.x的,最新的HttpClient 4.X官方地址:http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client-4.5.x/index.html

  但鉴于可能有些旧的系统还是采用3.X版本的HttpClient,所以本文还是先记录下使用方法。

  相反下面的异步http是Async Http Client 的1.9.8版本,这个版本还是挺好的。API请见:http://asynchttpclient.github.io/async-http-client/apidocs/com/ning/http/client/AsyncHttpClient.html

  http使用场景很多,据以往经验,对于客户端来说,我们使用http一般会发出以下几种常见的场景:

  1. 以get方式请求服务器
    1. 不带任何参数
    2. 带上key-value对
  2. 以post方式请求服务器
    1. 不带任何参数
    2. 带上key-value对
    3. 带上字节数组
    4. 带上文件
    5. 带上文件+key-value对

  以上的场景一般可以满足一般的需求,然后,我们可以在这基础上扩展一点点:假如遇到一个类似于报表的子系统,主系统要在关键的逻辑链路中“打点”,通过http调用报表子系统记录一些相关的信息时,那么如果我们使用同步http来请求报表子系统的话,一旦报表子系统挂了,那么肯定会影响到主系统的运行。

  为了不影响到主系统的运行,我们可以采用“异步” 的方式通过http(AsyncHttpClient )请求报表子系统,那么即使子系统挂了,对主系统的关键链路的执行也不会产生多大的影响。所以,封装一个http组件,自然而然少不了封装异步http请求。而异步http所能够做的事情,也应该覆盖上面提到的几种场景。

  再者,考虑到效率问题,除非有足够的理由,否则每次调用http接口,都创建立一个新的连接,是相当没效率的,所以MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager 诞生了,HttpClient在内部维护一个连接池,通过MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager 我们可以设置“默认连接数”、“最大连接数”、“连接超时”、“读取数据超时”等等配置,从而来提高效率。

  废话完了,怎么实现以上需求呢。

  包的引用:

  同步的http我使用的是org.apache.commons.httpclient的HttpClient的3.1版本。

  maven配置为:

<!-- httpClient -->
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-httpclient</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-httpclient</artifactId>
<version>3.1</version>
</dependency>

  异步的http我使用的是com.ning.http.client的AsyncHttpClien的1.9.8版本。注意,其需要依赖几个日志相关的组件、分别为log4j、slf4j、slf4j-log4j

  maven配置为:

<!-- slf4j-log4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
<version>1.7.7</version>
</dependency>
<!-- slf4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.5</version>
</dependency>
<!-- log4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>log4j</groupId>
<artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
<version>1.2.16</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 异步IO -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.ning</groupId>
<artifactId>async-http-client</artifactId>
<version>1.9.8</version>
</dependency>

  为了实现连接池,我们通过一个工厂类来生成httpClient,为了上一层方便调用,我们定义了一个接口,规范了同步、异步http应该实现的方法。包结构如下:

一、同步的HttpClient 3.X

  从工厂入手,工厂负责初始化httpClient的配置,包括“默认连接数”、“最大连接数”、“连接超时”、“读取数据超时”等等,不同的服务我们应该创建不同的manager,因为不可能我们调服务A和调服务B使用同一套配置是吧,比如超时时间,应该考虑会有所差异。初始化完配置后,把 manager传到实现类,在实现类中new HttpClient。

工厂代码如下:

    // 专门针对xx服务器的连接管理对象
// 因为不同服务可能超时等参数不用,所以针对不同服务,把连接管理对象区分开来,这只是其中一个
private static MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager xxconnectionManager = new MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager(); static {
// 专门针对xx服务器的连接参数
xxconnectionManager = new MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager();
HttpConnectionManagerParams paramsSearch = new HttpConnectionManagerParams();
paramsSearch.setDefaultMaxConnectionsPerHost(1000); // 默认连接数
paramsSearch.setMaxTotalConnections(1000); // 最大连接数
paramsSearch.setConnectionTimeout(30000); // 连接超时
paramsSearch.setSoTimeout(20000); // 读数据超时
xxconnectionManager.setParams(paramsSearch);
} /*
* 返回针对XX服务的httpClient包装类
*/
public static SyncHttpClientWapperImpl getXXSearchHttpClient() {
return new SyncHttpClientWapperImpl(xxconnectionManager);
}

  注意一点,这些连接数,超时等的配置,要做要调查工作之后再定夺,是根据访问服务的不同,我们自己的机器能有多少剩余的可用空间的不同而不同的,而不是随随便便就设置一个参数。

实现类的构造方法如下:

private HttpClient client;// httpClient

    private final static String CHARACTER     = "UTF-8";

    // 构造器,由工厂调用
public SyncHttpClientWapperImpl(MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager connectionManager) {
client = new HttpClient(connectionManager);
// 字符集
client.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.HTTP_CONTENT_CHARSET, CHARACTER);
}

这里有一个挺困惑的点:HttpClient有必要弄成静态的吗?即直接在工厂里面为每种服务生成一个静态的HttpClient,然后传到实现类?经测试,改成静态的效率并没有提高,在文件传输的测试中,甚至下降了,这个有点困惑,大家可以试一试一起讨论一下。

然后,在实现类中实现各种方法。

第一种,通过URL,以get方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

public byte[] getWithQueryURL(String queryURL) throws HttpClientException {
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}
byte[] newbuf = executeByGet(queryURL);
if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {
throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " + queryURL);
}
return newbuf;
} private byte[] executeByGet(String url) throws HttpClientException {
HttpMethod method = new GetMethod(url); // RequestHeader
method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "text/html; charset=UTF-8"); // 提交请求
try {
client.executeMethod(method);
} catch (Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();
throw new HttpClientException(url, e);
} // 返回字节流
byte[] responseBody = null;
try {
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
} finally {
method.releaseConnection();
}
return responseBody;
}

接着,写一个通用的流解析方法,负责把返回的流解析成字节数组。

private byte[] getBytesFromInpuStream(InputStream instream) throws IOException {
ByteArrayOutputStream outstream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
try {
int length;
byte[] tmp = new byte[8096];
while ((length = instream.read(tmp)) != -1) {
outstream.write(tmp, 0, length);
}
return outstream.toByteArray();
} finally {
instream.close();
outstream.close();
}
}

这样就完成了最简单的get请求的调用了。

第二种:通过URL和paramsMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

public byte[] postWithParamsMap( String queryURL, Map<String,String> paramsMap) throws HttpClientException{
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}
byte[] newbuf = executeByPostWithParamsMap(queryURL,paramsMap);
if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {
throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " + queryURL);
}
return newbuf;
} private byte[] executeByPostWithParamsMap(String URL, Map<String,String> paramsMap) throws HttpClientException {
PostMethod method = new PostMethod(URL);
// 构造参数
if(paramsMap != null) {
Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = paramsMap.entrySet();
Iterator<Entry<String, String>> iterator = entrySet.iterator();
NameValuePair[] nvps = new NameValuePair[paramsMap.size()];
int i = 0 ;
while(iterator.hasNext()) {
Entry<String, String> entry = iterator.next();
if(entry.getKey() != null) {
NameValuePair nvp = new NameValuePair(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue());
nvps[i++] = nvp;
}
}
method.setRequestBody(nvps);
} // RequestHeader,key-value对的话,httpClient自动带上application/x-www-form-urlencoded
method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"); // 提交请求
try {
client.executeMethod(method);
} catch (Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();
throw new HttpClientException(URL, e);
}
// 返回字节流
byte[] responseBody = null;
try {
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
} finally {
method.releaseConnection();
}
return responseBody;
}

第三种:通过URL和bytes参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

public byte[] postWithBytes(String queryURL , byte[] bytes) throws HttpClientException{
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}
byte[] newbuf = executeByPostWithBytes(queryURL,bytes);
if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {
throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " + queryURL);
}
return newbuf;
} private byte[] executeByPostWithBytes(String queryURL, byte[] bytes) throws HttpClientException {
PostMethod method = new PostMethod(queryURL);
RequestEntity requestEntity = new ByteArrayRequestEntity(bytes);
method.setRequestEntity(requestEntity); // RequestHeader
method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "text/plain; charset=UTF-8"); // 提交请求
try {
client.executeMethod(method);
} catch (Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();
throw new HttpClientException(queryURL, e);
}
// 返回字节流
byte[] responseBody = null;
try {
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
} finally {
method.releaseConnection();
}
return responseBody;
}

第四种:通过URL、fileList、paramMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

public byte[] postWithFileListAndParamMap(String queryURL,List<File> fileList,Map<String,String> paramMap) throws HttpClientException, HttpException, IOException {
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}
if(fileList == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("file is null.");
}
if(paramMap == null){
throw new HttpClientException("paramMap is null.");
}
return executeByPostWithFileListAndParamMap(queryURL, fileList, paramMap);
} private byte[] executeByPostWithFileListAndParamMap (String queryURL,List<File> fileList,Map<String,String> paramMap) throws HttpException, IOException, HttpClientException {
if(queryURL != null && fileList != null && fileList.size() > 0) {
// post方法
PostMethod method = new PostMethod(queryURL); // Part[]
Part[] parts = null;
if(paramMap != null) {
parts = new Part[fileList.size()+paramMap.size()];
}
else {
parts = new Part[fileList.size()];
}
int i = 0 ; // FilePart
for(File file : fileList){
Part filePart = new FilePart(file.getName(),file);
parts[i++] = filePart;
} // StringPart
if(paramMap != null ) {
Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = paramMap.entrySet();
Iterator<Entry<String, String>> it = entrySet.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()) {
Entry<String, String> entry = it.next();
Part stringPart = new StringPart(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue(),CHARACTER);
parts[i++] = stringPart;
}
} // Entity
RequestEntity requestEntity = new MultipartRequestEntity(parts, method.getParams());
method.setRequestEntity(requestEntity); // RequestHeader,文件的话,HttpClient自动加上multipart/form-data
// method.setRequestHeader("Content-type" , "multipart/form-data; charset=UTF-8"); // excute
try {
client.executeMethod(method);
} catch (Exception e) {
method.releaseConnection();
throw new HttpClientException(queryURL, e);
} // return
byte[] responseBody = null;
try {
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(method.getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
} finally {
method.releaseConnection();
}
return responseBody;
}
return null;
}

注意Part stringPart = new StringPart(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue(),CHARACTER);这句代码,一定要加上编码格式,不然服务端会乱码。

二、异步的AsyncHttpClient

同样的,按照这种思路,异步的AsyncHttpClient也有类似的实现,不过写法不同而已,在工厂中,AsyncHttpClient使用的是AsyncHttpClientConfig.Builder作为管理配置的类,也有类似连接超时,最大连接数等配置。

工厂类:

// 专门针对xx服务器的连接管理对象
// 因为不同服务可能超时等参数不用,所以针对不同服务,把连接管理对象区分开来,这只是其中一个
private static AsyncHttpClientConfig.Builder xxbuilder = new AsyncHttpClientConfig.Builder(); static {
xxbuilder.setConnectTimeout(3000); // 连接超时
xxbuilder.setReadTimeout(2000); // 读取数据超时
xxbuilder.setMaxConnections(1000); // 最大连接数
} /*
* 返回针对XX服务的httpClient包装类
*/
public static AsyncHttpClientWapperImpl getXXSearchHttpClient() {
return new AsyncHttpClientWapperImpl(xxbuilder);
}

其使用了builder 的设计模式,活生生的一个例子,值得学习。

实现类的构造方法:

    private AsyncHttpClient client;

    public AsyncHttpClientWapperImpl(Builder xxbuilder) {
client = new AsyncHttpClient(xxbuilder.build());
}

这样,AsyncHttpClient对象就创建完毕了。接下来是各种场景的实现,感觉异步的AsyncHttpClient封装得比HttpClient 3.X更加容易使用,设计得更好。

第一种:通过URL,以get方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

    public byte[] getWithQueryURL(String queryURL)
throws HttpClientException, HttpClientException {
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL为空");
}
byte[] newbuf = executeByGet(queryURL);
if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {
throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " + queryURL);
}
return newbuf;
} private byte[] executeByGet(String queryURL) throws HttpClientException {
byte[] responseBody = null;
try { Future<Response> f = client.prepareGet(queryURL).execute();
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
}
return responseBody;
}

同样的,我们写了一个getBytesFromInputStream()方法解析服务端返回的流,我们发现,两个实现类里面都有一些共同的方法,这里可以考虑写一个父类,把这些方法提取出来。

第二种:通过URL和paramsMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

public byte[] postWithParamsMap(String queryURL,
Map<String, String> paramsMap) throws HttpClientException {
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL为空");
}
byte[] newbuf = executeByPostByParamMap(queryURL,paramsMap);
if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {
throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " + queryURL);
}
return newbuf;
} private byte[] executeByPostByParamMap(String queryURL,Map<String,String> paramsMap) throws HttpClientException {
byte[] responseBody = null;
try {
RequestBuilder requestBuilder = new RequestBuilder(); // 添加 key-value参数
if(paramsMap != null && paramsMap.size() > 0) {
Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = paramsMap.entrySet();
Iterator<Entry<String, String>> iterator = entrySet.iterator();
while(iterator.hasNext()) {
Entry<String, String> entry = iterator.next();
if(entry.getKey() != null) {
requestBuilder.addFormParam(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
}
} // 添加RequestHeader,key
requestBuilder.addHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8");
requestBuilder.setMethod("POST");
// 添加URL
requestBuilder.setUrl(queryURL); // request
Request request = requestBuilder.build(); // 提交
ListenableFuture<Response> f = client.executeRequest(request);
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
}
return responseBody;
}

第三种:通过URL和bytes参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

public byte[] postWithBytes(String queryURL, byte[] bytes)
throws HttpClientException {
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}
byte[] newbuf = executeByPostWithBytes(queryURL,bytes);
if ((newbuf == null) || (newbuf.length == 0)) {
throw new HttpClientException("Server response is null: " + queryURL);
}
return newbuf;
} private byte[] executeByPostWithBytes(String queryURL, byte[] bytes) throws HttpClientException {
byte[] responseBody = null;
try {
RequestBuilder requestBuilder = new RequestBuilder(); // 添加 bytes参数
requestBuilder.setBody(bytes); // 添加RequestHeader,key
requestBuilder.addHeader("Content-type", "text/plain; charset=UTF-8");
requestBuilder.setMethod("POST");
// 添加URL
requestBuilder.setUrl(queryURL); // request
Request request = requestBuilder.build(); // 提交
ListenableFuture<Response> f = client.executeRequest(request);
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
}
return responseBody;
}

第四种:通过URL、fileList、paramMap参数,以post方式请求服务器,返回字节数组。

public byte[] postWithFileListAndParamMap(String queryURL,
List<File> fileList, Map<String, String> paramMap)
throws HttpClientException, HttpException, IOException {
if(queryURL == null) {
throw new HttpClientException("queryURL is null.");
}
if(fileList == null || fileList.size() == 0) {
throw new HttpClientException("fileList is null.");
}
if(paramMap == null || paramMap.size() == 0) {
throw new HttpClientException("paramMap is null.");
}
return executeByPostWithFileListAndParamMap(queryURL, fileList, paramMap);
} private byte[] executeByPostWithFileListAndParamMap (String queryURL,List<File> fileList,Map<String,String> paramsMap) throws HttpException, IOException, HttpClientException {
if(queryURL != null && fileList != null && fileList.size() > 0) {
byte[] responseBody = null;
try {
RequestBuilder requestBuilder = new RequestBuilder(); // FilePart
for(File file : fileList){
Part filePart = new FilePart(file.getName(),file);
requestBuilder.addBodyPart(filePart);
} // StringPart
if(paramsMap != null ) {
Set<Entry<String, String>> entrySet = paramsMap.entrySet();
Iterator<Entry<String, String>> it = entrySet.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()) {
Entry<String, String> entry = it.next();
Part stringPart = new StringPart(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue());
requestBuilder.addBodyPart(stringPart);
}
} // 添加RequestHeader,key
requestBuilder.addHeader("Content-type", "multipart/form-data; charset=UTF-8");
requestBuilder.setMethod("POST");
// 添加URL
requestBuilder.setUrl(queryURL); // request
Request request = requestBuilder.build(); // 提交
ListenableFuture<Response> f = client.executeRequest(request);
responseBody = getBytesFromInpuStream(f.get().getResponseBodyAsStream());
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new HttpClientException(e);
}
return responseBody;
}
return null;
}

  OK,入了个门后,更多的用法可以自己去看文档了,请不要局限以上几种常用的场景。

  

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