玩转 Windows Terminal
2024-08-29 22:42:15
今天给大家分享一下Windows Terminal的使用及个性化定制。
一、安装
该项目的开源地址为https://github.com/microsoft/terminal，如果想折腾，可以按照上面的说明自己编译。不想折腾的直接在microsoft store直接搜索Windows Terminal，会搜到一个Windows Terminal 和一个Windows Terminal Preview版本。
本文以Preview版为例。
安装好Windows Terminal Preview之后，默认打开了PowerShell，发现和原来的没多大区别，颜色像CMD一样漆黑一片。完全不像介绍的那么酷。
图 1
不同的是它是多Tab的，在标题右侧有个下拉菜单，可以打开其他工具
图 2
如上图可以再打开一个CMD标签。
同时我们看到了设置选项，下面就开始倒腾一下相关的配置吧。
二、配置
点击【设置】，会打开一个名为settings.json的文件，大概如下面代码所示：
{
"$schema": "https://aka.ms/terminal-profiles-schema",
"defaultProfile": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}", //默认打开下面的profiles.List中的哪个profile，
// 是否将选中内容自动复制到剪切板，默认是false，如果需要复制，选中内容中点击鼠标右键就实现了复制。如果是true，当选中的时候，就执行复制
"copyOnSelect": false,
// 复制的时候是否复制文本的样式，例如颜色、字体等
"copyFormatting": false,
//profiles配置
"profiles": {
"defaults": {
// 设置通用配置
},
"list": [
{
// 针对 powershell.exe 这个profile进行配置.
"guid": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}",
"name": "Windows PowerShell",
"commandline": "powershell.exe",
"hidden": false
},
{
// 针对 cmd.exe 这个profile进行配置.
"guid": "{0caa0dad-35be-5f56-a8ff-afceeeaa6101}",
"name": "命令提示符",
"commandline": "cmd.exe",
"hidden": false
},
{
"guid": "{b453ae62-4e3d-5e58-b989-0a998ec441b8}",
"hidden": false,
"name": "Azure Cloud Shell",
"source": "Windows.Terminal.Azure"
}
]
},
//自定义的color schemes放在这里
"schemes": [
],
// 在下面的集合中添加自定义的按键命令绑定
// 取消组合键，请将命令设置为“ unbound”。
"keybindings": [
// 在defaults.json中，复制和粘贴已经被绑定到了 Ctrl+Shift+C and Ctrl+Shift+V .
// 正两行又将它们绑定到了Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V.
{
"command": {
"action": "copy",
"singleLine": false
},
"keys": "ctrl+c"
},
{
"command": "paste",
"keys": "ctrl+v"
},
// 按下 Ctrl+Shift+F 打开搜索窗口
{
"command": "find",
"keys": "ctrl+shift+f"
},
// 按组合键 Alt+Shift+D 打开一个新的窗格，注意不是标签
//-“ split”：“ auto”使此窗格向着能提供最大面积的方向打开。
//-“ splitMode”：“ duplicate”新窗格使用当前窗格同样的配置文件。
{
"command": {
"action": "splitPane",
"split": "auto",
"splitMode": "duplicate"
},
"keys": "alt+shift+d"
}
]
}
1. Profile设置：
【图2】所示的下拉菜单中，列出了"Windows PowerShell"、"命令提示符"和"Azure Cloud Shell"三个选项，为什么是这三项呢？是在profiles的List集合中配置的。可以看到现有三项正好与图2中的3项一一对应。
既然是可配置的，那么我们是否可以自定义添加呢？当然是可以的，下一小节我们来实验一下，本节先讲现有配置。
第4行的defaultProfile属性，设置了默认的Profile的guid，可以看出该guid正是Windows PowerShell的，所以我们打开Windows Terminal的时候，默认打开的是Windows PowerShell。
2. 复制设置：
第7行： 的"copyOnSelect"指定了是否将选中内容自动复制到剪切板，默认是false。这时如果需要复制，选中内容中点击鼠标右键就实现了复制。如果是true，当选中的时候，就执行复制。
第10行：“copyFormatting”指定了在复制的时候是否复制文本的样式，例如颜色、字体等。
3. 快捷键设置：
第48行，"keybindings"数组设置了如何通过一些组合键触发操作命令，例如复制、粘贴、查找等，代码中已经做了注释，就不一一说明了。
这里要说一下通过 "alt+shift+d"打开新窗格，这个不是新tab，是在原窗口中拆分出来的，如下图
图3
新窗格会采用当前窗格的配置方案。可以按住 alt 键，然后使用箭头键在窗格之间移动焦点。
打开了这么多不知道怎么关闭？可以键入 ctrl+shift+w 来关闭焦点窗格。 如果只有一个窗格，ctrl+shift+w 将关闭该选项卡。与往常一样，关闭最后一个选项卡将关闭该窗口。
如果想要打开新的tab可以使用"ctrl+shift+d"。
3. 配色方案设置：
第42行，"schemes"提供了一个空的数组，用于放置自定义的配色方案。 具体介绍见下一节。
三、自定义样式
setting.json 只列出了一些方便我们配置的选项， 其实系统中已经为我们做了许多默认配置。按住alt键， 再去点击设置选项，这时不会打开setting.json, 而是会打开一个名为default.json的文件，这就是默认的配置文件。
代码如下，做了折叠有兴趣的可以看一看。
// THIS IS AN AUTO-GENERATED FILE! Changes to this file will be ignored.
{
"defaultProfile": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}", // Launch Settings
"initialCols": ,
"initialRows": ,
"launchMode": "default", // Selection
"copyOnSelect": false,
"copyFormatting": true,
"wordDelimiters": " /\\()\"'-.,:;<>~!@#$%^&*|+=[]{}~?\u2502", // Tab UI
"alwaysShowTabs": true,
"showTabsInTitlebar": true,
"showTerminalTitleInTitlebar": true,
"tabWidthMode": "equal", // Miscellaneous
"confirmCloseAllTabs": true,
"startOnUserLogin": false,
"theme": "system",
"rowsToScroll": "system",
"snapToGridOnResize": true, "profiles":
[
{
"guid": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}",
"name": "Windows PowerShell",
"commandline": "powershell.exe",
"icon": "ms-appx:///ProfileIcons/{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}.png",
"colorScheme": "Campbell",
"antialiasingMode": "grayscale",
"closeOnExit": "graceful",
"cursorShape": "bar",
"fontFace": "Cascadia Mono",
"fontSize": ,
"hidden": false,
"historySize": ,
"padding": "8, 8, 8, 8",
"snapOnInput": true,
"altGrAliasing": true,
"startingDirectory": "%USERPROFILE%",
"useAcrylic": false
},
{
"guid": "{0caa0dad-35be-5f56-a8ff-afceeeaa6101}",
"name": "Command Prompt",
"commandline": "cmd.exe",
"icon": "ms-appx:///ProfileIcons/{0caa0dad-35be-5f56-a8ff-afceeeaa6101}.png",
"colorScheme": "Campbell",
"antialiasingMode": "grayscale",
"closeOnExit": "graceful",
"cursorShape": "bar",
"fontFace": "Cascadia Mono",
"fontSize": ,
"hidden": false,
"historySize": ,
"padding": "8, 8, 8, 8",
"snapOnInput": true,
"altGrAliasing": true,
"startingDirectory": "%USERPROFILE%",
"useAcrylic": false
}
],
"schemes":
[
// A profile can override the following color scheme values:
// - "foreground"
// - "background"
// - "cursorColor"
{
"name": "Campbell",
"foreground": "#CCCCCC",
"background": "#0C0C0C",
"cursorColor": "#FFFFFF",
"black": "#0C0C0C",
"red": "#C50F1F",
"green": "#13A10E",
"yellow": "#C19C00",
"blue": "#0037DA",
"purple": "#881798",
"cyan": "#3A96DD",
"white": "#CCCCCC",
"brightBlack": "#767676",
"brightRed": "#E74856",
"brightGreen": "#16C60C",
"brightYellow": "#F9F1A5",
"brightBlue": "#3B78FF",
"brightPurple": "#B4009E",
"brightCyan": "#61D6D6",
"brightWhite": "#F2F2F2"
},
{
"name": "Campbell Powershell",
"foreground": "#CCCCCC",
"background": "#012456",
"cursorColor": "#FFFFFF",
"black": "#0C0C0C",
"red": "#C50F1F",
"green": "#13A10E",
"yellow": "#C19C00",
"blue": "#0037DA",
"purple": "#881798",
"cyan": "#3A96DD",
"white": "#CCCCCC",
"brightBlack": "#767676",
"brightRed": "#E74856",
"brightGreen": "#16C60C",
"brightYellow": "#F9F1A5",
"brightBlue": "#3B78FF",
"brightPurple": "#B4009E",
"brightCyan": "#61D6D6",
"brightWhite": "#F2F2F2"
},
{
"name": "Vintage",
"foreground": "#C0C0C0",
"background": "#000000",
"cursorColor": "#FFFFFF",
"black": "#000000",
"red": "#800000",
"green": "#008000",
"yellow": "#808000",
"blue": "#000080",
"purple": "#800080",
"cyan": "#008080",
"white": "#C0C0C0",
"brightBlack": "#808080",
"brightRed": "#FF0000",
"brightGreen": "#00FF00",
"brightYellow": "#FFFF00",
"brightBlue": "#0000FF",
"brightPurple": "#FF00FF",
"brightCyan": "#00FFFF",
"brightWhite": "#FFFFFF"
},
{
"name": "One Half Dark",
"foreground": "#DCDFE4",
"background": "#282C34",
"cursorColor": "#FFFFFF",
"black": "#282C34",
"red": "#E06C75",
"green": "#98C379",
"yellow": "#E5C07B",
"blue": "#61AFEF",
"purple": "#C678DD",
"cyan": "#56B6C2",
"white": "#DCDFE4",
"brightBlack": "#5A6374",
"brightRed": "#E06C75",
"brightGreen": "#98C379",
"brightYellow": "#E5C07B",
"brightBlue": "#61AFEF",
"brightPurple": "#C678DD",
"brightCyan": "#56B6C2",
"brightWhite": "#DCDFE4"
},
{
"name": "One Half Light",
"foreground": "#383A42",
"background": "#FAFAFA",
"cursorColor": "#4F525D",
"black": "#383A42",
"red": "#E45649",
"green": "#50A14F",
"yellow": "#C18301",
"blue": "#0184BC",
"purple": "#A626A4",
"cyan": "#0997B3",
"white": "#FAFAFA",
"brightBlack": "#4F525D",
"brightRed": "#DF6C75",
"brightGreen": "#98C379",
"brightYellow": "#E4C07A",
"brightBlue": "#61AFEF",
"brightPurple": "#C577DD",
"brightCyan": "#56B5C1",
"brightWhite": "#FFFFFF"
},
{
"name": "Solarized Dark",
"foreground": "#839496",
"background": "#002B36",
"cursorColor": "#FFFFFF",
"black": "#073642",
"red": "#DC322F",
"green": "#859900",
"yellow": "#B58900",
"blue": "#268BD2",
"purple": "#D33682",
"cyan": "#2AA198",
"white": "#EEE8D5",
"brightBlack": "#002B36",
"brightRed": "#CB4B16",
"brightGreen": "#586E75",
"brightYellow": "#657B83",
"brightBlue": "#839496",
"brightPurple": "#6C71C4",
"brightCyan": "#93A1A1",
"brightWhite": "#FDF6E3"
},
{
"name": "Solarized Light",
"foreground": "#657B83",
"background": "#FDF6E3",
"cursorColor": "#002B36",
"black": "#073642",
"red": "#DC322F",
"green": "#859900",
"yellow": "#B58900",
"blue": "#268BD2",
"purple": "#D33682",
"cyan": "#2AA198",
"white": "#EEE8D5",
"brightBlack": "#002B36",
"brightRed": "#CB4B16",
"brightGreen": "#586E75",
"brightYellow": "#657B83",
"brightBlue": "#839496",
"brightPurple": "#6C71C4",
"brightCyan": "#93A1A1",
"brightWhite": "#FDF6E3"
},
{
"name": "Tango Dark",
"foreground": "#D3D7CF",
"background": "#000000",
"cursorColor": "#FFFFFF",
"black": "#000000",
"red": "#CC0000",
"green": "#4E9A06",
"yellow": "#C4A000",
"blue": "#3465A4",
"purple": "#75507B",
"cyan": "#06989A",
"white": "#D3D7CF",
"brightBlack": "#555753",
"brightRed": "#EF2929",
"brightGreen": "#8AE234",
"brightYellow": "#FCE94F",
"brightBlue": "#729FCF",
"brightPurple": "#AD7FA8",
"brightCyan": "#34E2E2",
"brightWhite": "#EEEEEC"
},
{
"name": "Tango Light",
"foreground": "#555753",
"background": "#FFFFFF",
"cursorColor": "#000000",
"black": "#000000",
"red": "#CC0000",
"green": "#4E9A06",
"yellow": "#C4A000",
"blue": "#3465A4",
"purple": "#75507B",
"cyan": "#06989A",
"white": "#D3D7CF",
"brightBlack": "#555753",
"brightRed": "#EF2929",
"brightGreen": "#8AE234",
"brightYellow": "#FCE94F",
"brightBlue": "#729FCF",
"brightPurple": "#AD7FA8",
"brightCyan": "#34E2E2",
"brightWhite": "#EEEEEC"
}
],
"keybindings":
[
// Application-level Keys
{ "command": "closeWindow", "keys": "alt+f4" },
{ "command": "toggleFullscreen", "keys": "alt+enter" },
{ "command": "toggleFullscreen", "keys": "f11" },
{ "command": "openNewTabDropdown", "keys": "ctrl+shift+space" },
{ "command": "openSettings", "keys": "ctrl+," },
{ "command": { "action": "openSettings", "target": "defaultsFile" }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+," },
{ "command": "find", "keys": "ctrl+shift+f" }, // Tab Management
// "command": "closeTab" is unbound by default.
// The closeTab command closes a tab without confirmation, even if it has multiple panes.
{ "command": "newTab", "keys": "ctrl+shift+t" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+1" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+2" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+3" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+4" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+5" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+6" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+7" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+8" },
{ "command": { "action": "newTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+9" },
{ "command": "duplicateTab", "keys": "ctrl+shift+d" },
{ "command": "nextTab", "keys": "ctrl+tab" },
{ "command": "prevTab", "keys": "ctrl+shift+tab" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+1" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+2" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+3" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+4" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+5" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+6" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+7" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+8" },
{ "command": { "action": "switchToTab", "index": }, "keys": "ctrl+alt+9" }, // Pane Management
{ "command": "closePane", "keys": "ctrl+shift+w" },
{ "command": { "action": "splitPane", "split": "horizontal" }, "keys": "alt+shift+-" },
{ "command": { "action": "splitPane", "split": "vertical" }, "keys": "alt+shift+plus" },
{ "command": { "action": "resizePane", "direction": "down" }, "keys": "alt+shift+down" },
{ "command": { "action": "resizePane", "direction": "left" }, "keys": "alt+shift+left" },
{ "command": { "action": "resizePane", "direction": "right" }, "keys": "alt+shift+right" },
{ "command": { "action": "resizePane", "direction": "up" }, "keys": "alt+shift+up" },
{ "command": { "action": "moveFocus", "direction": "down" }, "keys": "alt+down" },
{ "command": { "action": "moveFocus", "direction": "left" }, "keys": "alt+left" },
{ "command": { "action": "moveFocus", "direction": "right" }, "keys": "alt+right" },
{ "command": { "action": "moveFocus", "direction": "up" }, "keys": "alt+up" }, // Clipboard Integration
{ "command": { "action": "copy", "singleLine": false }, "keys": "ctrl+shift+c" },
{ "command": { "action": "copy", "singleLine": false }, "keys": "ctrl+insert" },
{ "command": "paste", "keys": "ctrl+shift+v" },
{ "command": "paste", "keys": "shift+insert" }, // Scrollback
{ "command": "scrollDown", "keys": "ctrl+shift+down" },
{ "command": "scrollDownPage", "keys": "ctrl+shift+pgdn" },
{ "command": "scrollUp", "keys": "ctrl+shift+up" },
{ "command": "scrollUpPage", "keys": "ctrl+shift+pgup" }, // Visual Adjustments
{ "command": { "action": "adjustFontSize", "delta": }, "keys": "ctrl+=" },
{ "command": { "action": "adjustFontSize", "delta": - }, "keys": "ctrl+-" },
{ "command": "resetFontSize", "keys": "ctrl+0" }
]
}
这个文件的结构和Setting.json文件的结构基本上是一样的，只不过系统提供了比较多的默认配置。 我们如果想写配置也可以用作参考。
1.系统提供的配色方案
可以看到在default.json"schemes"数组中提供了多种配色方案，例如"Campbell"、"Campbell Powershell"、"Vintage"等。
Campbell：
Solarized Light：
2. 配色方案的使用
使用方法就是在"profiles"节点中进行设置，例如Setting文件中做如下配置：
//profiles配置
"profiles": {
"defaults": {
// 设置通用配置
"colorScheme": "Solarized Light"
},
"list": [
{
// 针对 cmd.exe 这个profile进行配置.
"guid": "{0caa0dad-35be-5f56-a8ff-afceeeaa6101}",
"name": "命令提示符",
"commandline": "cmd.exe",
"hidden": false,
"colorScheme": "Tango Light"
}
// 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
]
},
可以看到代码中分别针对“default"和”cmd.exe“做了"colorScheme": "Solarized Light"和"colorScheme": "Tango Light"的配置，这使每个tab均默认采用名为"Solarized Light"的配色方案，cmd的tab除外，因为专门在cmd的节点中定义的优先级要高于”default“的默认配置。
这也使我们简单了解了"profiles"的配置方式。我们可以像配置配色方案一样配置其他属性。例如可以通过如下代码将默认的背景颜色设置成红色（挺丑的）。
"defaults": {
// 设置通用配置
"background": "#FF0000"
},
当然这只是例子，关于这样的样式设置还是通过建议自定义colorScheme来实现（见下节）。不只是样式，还可以设置光标、键盘、tab的标题等，这里就不一一介绍了，详见本文底部的官方链接。
3. 自定义colorScheme
本节我们自定义一个colorScheme。
//自定义的color schemes放在这里
"schemes": [
{
"name": "FlyLolo Test",
"cursorColor": "#5F04B4",
"background": "#FFFFFF",
"selectionBackground": "#D8F781",
"black": "#3C5712",
"blue": "#17b2ff",
"brightBlack": "#749B36",
"brightBlue": "#27B2F6",
"brightCyan": "#13A8C0",
"brightGreen": "#89AF50",
"brightPurple": "#F2A20A",
"brightRed": "#F49B36",
"brightWhite": "#741274",
"brightYellow": "#991070",
"cyan": "#3C96A6",
"foreground": "#6A0888",
"green": "#6AAE08",
"purple": "#991070",
"red": "#8D0C0C",
"white": "#6E386E",
"yellow": "#991070"
}
]
设置了Windows PowerShell的背景和毛玻璃效果：
{
// 针对 powershell.exe 这个profile进行配置.
"guid": "{61c54bbd-c2c6-5271-96e7-009a87ff44bf}",
"name": "Windows PowerShell",
"commandline": "powershell.exe",
"hidden": false,
"colorScheme": "FlyLolo Test",
"useAcrylic": true,
"acrylicOpacity": 0.7,
"backgroundImage": "D://1.png",
"backgroundImageStretchMode": "none",
"backgroundImageAlignment": "bottomRight",
"backgroundImageOpacity": "0.6"
},
最终效果如下图。 背景图个人建议不要弄全屏的炫图，好看，但打字时就不实用了。
四、连接CentOS
之前连接CentOS习惯使用PuTTY，现在是否可以通过Windows Terminal来实现呢？ 在第二节我们知道可以在profiles的List集合中配置新的下拉选项功能。
在List中添加如下代码：
{
"guid": "{439227e1-65b3-4a60-a518-74afeca0c7c0}",
"hidden": false,
"name": "CentOS",
"commandline": "ssh 用户名@域名orIP -p 端口号",
"icon": "ms-appdata:///Local/Centos.png"
}
icon 需要自己设置，VS右键点击settings.json标签，找到该文件所在的位置，
网上找了个centOS的图标，
， 放在settings.json的相同目录下，配置中就可以通过 "icon": "ms-appdata:///Local/Centos.png" 这样的路径设置了。
这样就配置完了，保存settings.json文件，无需重新启动Windows Terminal就可以在下拉选项中找到CentOS了，点击该选项，会出现如下窗口，输入密码登录成功。
参考地址：https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows/terminal/
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