概述

数据库中的数据直接呈现出来一般不是我们想要的,所以我们上两节演示了如何对数据进行过滤的方法。除了对数据进行过滤,

我们可能还需要对数据进行排序,比如想从列表中了解消费最高的项,就可能需要对金额字段做降序排序,想看年龄从小到大的分布情况,就可能需要对user表的age字段进行升序排序。

也可能需要对数据进行限制,比如我们需要对付款的1~10,11~20,21~30 名的用户分别赠予不同的礼品,这时候对数据的限制就很有用了。

备注:下面脚本中[]包含的表示可选,| 分隔符表示可选其一。

数据排序 order by

语法格式如下:

1、需要排序的字段跟在order by之后;

2、asc 和 desc表示排序的规则,asc:升序,desc:降序,默认为升序 asc;

3、排序可以指定多次字段,多字段排序之间用逗号隔开。

4、多字段排序中,越靠前优先级越高,下面中cname1优先排序,当cname1等值的时候,cname2开始排序,直至所有字段都排序完。

1 select cname from tname order by cname1 [asc|desc],cname2 [asc|desc]...;

单个字段排序

举个例子,在销售额中通按照交易的订单进行金额额度降序的方式显示:

 1 mysql> select * from t_order;
2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
3 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
12 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
13 7 rows in set
14
15 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount desc;
16 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
17 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
18 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
19 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
20 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
21 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
22 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
23 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
24 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
25 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
26 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
27 7 rows in set

多个字段排序

多个字段排序用逗号隔开,优先级从左到右逐次递减,如下图,如果金额一致,则按照购买商品数量从多到少排序:

 1 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount desc,goods desc;
2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
3 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
5 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
6 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
7 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
8 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
9 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
10 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
11 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
12 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
13 7 rows in set

按alias排序

按照别名排序或者做条件查询的目的都是为了简化代码,方便使用,别名可以是英文,也可以是中文:

 1 mysql> select account as ac,amount as am,goods as gd from t_order order by am,gd desc;
2
3 +-------+---------+----+
4 | ac | am | gd |
5 +-------+---------+----+
6 | diny | 12 | 1 |
7 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
9 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
10 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
12 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
13 +-------+---------+----+
14 7 rows in set

字段排序中使用函数

下面使用了abs取绝对值函数,所以在 am字段降序排序中,-99.99 排在 99.71之上。

 1 mysql> select * from t_order;
2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
3 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 |
13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
14 8 rows in set
15
16 mysql> select account as ac,amount as am,goods as gd from t_order order by abs(am) desc;
17
18 +--------+---------+----+
19 | ac | am | gd |
20 +--------+---------+----+
21 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
22 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
23 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 |
24 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
25 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
26 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
27 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
28 | diny | 12 | 1 |
29 +--------+---------+----+
30 8 rows in set

与Where条件结合使用

order 在 where 条件之后,根据where已经过滤好的数据再进行排序。下面是过滤出购买金额>80 且 购买数量>5的数据,并且按照价格降序排序。

 1 mysql> select * from t_order;
2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
3 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 |
13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
14 8 rows in set
15
16 mysql> select * from t_order where amount>80 and goods>5 order by amount desc;
17 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
18 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
19 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
20 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
21 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
22 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
23 +---------+---------+---------+-------+

数据limit

很多时候我们过滤出符合要求的数据之后,还需要得到这些数据中的某一个具体区间,比如对付款超过1000的用户的第1~10,11~20,21~30 名分别赠予不同的礼品,这时候就要使用limit操作了。

limit用来限制select查询返回的数据,常用于数据排行或者分页等情况。

语法格式如下:

1 select cname from tname limit [offset,] count;

1、offset表示偏移量,就是指跳过的行数,可以省略不写,默认为0,表示跳过0行,如 limit 8 等同于 limit 0,8。

2、count:跳过偏移量offset之后开始取的数据行数,有count行。

3、limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式。

获取前n条记录

如下图,limit n 和 limit 0,n 是一致的:

 1 mysql> select * from t_order;
2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
3 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 |
13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
14 8 rows in set
15
16 mysql> select * from t_order limit 2
17 ;
18 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
19 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
20 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
21 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
22 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
23 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
24 2 rows in set
25
26 mysql> select * from t_order limit 0,2;
27 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
28 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
29 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
30 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
31 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
32 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
33 2 rows in set 

limit限制单条记录

这边我们获取支付金额中最大和最小的的一条记录。可以先使用 order 条件进行排序,然后limit 第1条记录即可:

 1  1 mysql> select * from t_order;
2 2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
3 3 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
4 4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
5 5 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
6 6 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
7 7 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
8 8 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
9 9 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
10 10 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
11 11 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
12 12 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 |
13 13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
14 14 8 rows in set
15 15
16 16 mysql> select * from t_order where amount>0 order by amount desc limit 1;
17 17 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
18 18 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
19 19 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
20 20 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
21 21 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
22 22 1 row in set
23 23
24 24 mysql> select * from t_order where amount>0 order by amount asc limit 1;
25 25 +---------+---------+--------+-------+
26 26 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
27 27 +---------+---------+--------+-------+
28 28 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
29 29 +---------+---------+--------+-------+
30 30 1 row in set
31

获取(m,n)区间记录

即跳过m条,获取n条,示例如下,我们跳过两条,从第三条开始,连取四条的操作:

 1 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount;
2 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
3 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
4 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
5 | 15 | brand1 | -99.99 | 5 |
6 | 12 | diny | 12 | 1 |
7 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
8 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
9 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
10 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
11 | 11 | sol | 1007.9 | 11 |
12 | 9 | hen | 1752.02 | 7 |
13 +---------+---------+---------+-------+
14 8 rows in set
15
16 mysql> select * from t_order order by amount limit 2,4;
17 +---------+---------+--------+-------+
18 | orderid | account | amount | goods |
19 +---------+---------+--------+-------+
20 | 8 | brand | 52.2 | 2 |
21 | 13 | weng | 52.2 | 5 |
22 | 10 | helyn | 88.5 | 4 |
23 | 14 | sally | 99.71 | 9 |
24 +---------+---------+--------+-------+
25 4 rows in set

分页的做法与这个类似,我们程序业务上看到的分页一般有 pageIndex,pageSize等参数,我们通常的做法是 limit pageIndex*pageSize,pageSize。

这边假设有31条数据,每页数量pageSize=10,页面索引pageIndex默认0,则第一页就是 limit 0,10,第二页 limit10,10,第三页 limit 20,10,第四页 limit 30,10。

注意点:

1、limit 后面不能使用表达式,只能使用明确的数值,否则会爆出异常,比如 limit 0*10,10,是不对的,这个上面提过了。

2、limit后续的数值只能是正整数和0,也就是说,不能是负数,否则同样会报错。

3、排序字段的值相同情况下,排序后分页会出现混乱重复的情况。

第3点详细说明下:假如根据age排序,但是有多个age都是20岁的同学,这时候我们3条记录一页,就会出现分页混乱数据重复。因为年龄相同的人有多个,这是几个人的排序在每次查询的时候会有不确定性。

举个例子,下面的分页,混乱了:

 1 mysql> select * from user3;
2 +----+------+-------+
3 | id | age | name |
4 +----+------+-------+
5 | 1 | 20 | brand |
6 | 2 | 22 | sol |
7 | 3 | 20 | helen |
8 | 4 | 19.5 | diny |
9 | 6 | 19 | a |
10 | 7 | 20 | b |
11 | 8 | 20 | c |
12 | 9 | 20 | d |
13 | 10 | 20 | e |
14 | 11 | 23 | f |
15 +----+------+-------+
16 10 rows in set
17
18 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 0,3;
19 +----+------+-------+
20 | id | age | name |
21 +----+------+-------+
22 | 6 | 19 | a |
23 | 4 | 19.5 | diny |
24 | 3 | 20 | helen |
25 +----+------+-------+
26 3 rows in set
27
28 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 3,3;
29
30 +----+-----+-------+
31 | id | age | name |
32 +----+-----+-------+
33 | 3 | 20 | helen |
34 | 7 | 20 | b |
35 | 8 | 20 | c |
36 +----+-----+-------+
37 3 rows in set
38
39 mysql> select * from user3 order by age limit 6,3;
40
41 +----+-----+-------+
42 | id | age | name |
43 +----+-----+-------+
44 | 7 | 20 | b |
45 | 3 | 20 | helen |
46 | 2 | 22 | sol |
47 +----+-----+-------+
48 3 rows in set 

我们的做法是使用重复值字段做排序的时候再加个唯一依据(一般可以设主键),就不会混乱了。

如下示例,正常了:

 1 mysql> select * from user3;
2 +----+------+-------+
3 | id | age | name |
4 +----+------+-------+
5 | 1 | 20 | brand |
6 | 2 | 22 | sol |
7 | 3 | 20 | helen |
8 | 4 | 19.5 | diny |
9 | 6 | 19 | a |
10 | 7 | 20 | b |
11 | 8 | 20 | c |
12 | 9 | 20 | d |
13 | 10 | 20 | e |
14 | 11 | 23 | f |
15 +----+------+-------+
16 10 rows in set
17
18 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 0,3;
19
20 +----+------+-------+
21 | id | age | name |
22 +----+------+-------+
23 | 6 | 19 | a |
24 | 4 | 19.5 | diny |
25 | 1 | 20 | brand |
26 +----+------+-------+
27 3 rows in set
28
29 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 3,3;
30
31 +----+-----+-------+
32 | id | age | name |
33 +----+-----+-------+
34 | 3 | 20 | helen |
35 | 7 | 20 | b |
36 | 8 | 20 | c |
37 +----+-----+-------+
38 3 rows in set
39
40 mysql> select * from user3 order by age,id limit 6,3;
41
42 +----+-----+------+
43 | id | age | name |
44 +----+-----+------+
45 | 9 | 20 | d |
46 | 10 | 20 | e |
47 | 2 | 22 | sol |
48 +----+-----+------+
49 3 rows in set

上述总结

1、order by cname [asc|desc] 用于对查询结果排序,asc为升序,desc为降序,可以省略,省略情况下默认为asc。

2、limit用来限制查询结果返回的行数,包含2个参数(offset,count),offset:表示跳过多少行,count:表示跳过offset行之后取的行数。limit中offset可以省略,默认值为0;limit中offset 和 count都必须大于等于0;limit中offset和count的值不能用表达式。

3、分页排序时,排序字段不要有重复值,重复值情况下可能会导致分页结果混乱,建议在后面加一个主键排序。

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