# Author: Ghost

# Email: jiaci.liu@gmail.com

'''

1-Review of last week

2-interface class, abstract class

3-packing

4-special methods

    classmethod

    staticmethod

    property

5-reflection  ******************

    __hasattr__

    __getattr__

    __setattr__

    __delattr__

6-advanced special methods

    __call__

    __new__

    __getitem__

    __setitem__

    __delitem__

7-time, random,

'''

'''

Review: combination

'''

# class A:

#     name = 'alex'

#     def __init__(self, name1, age1):

#         self.name1 = name1

#         self.age1 = age1

#

#     def func(self):

#         print(self.name1)

#         print(self.name)

#

#     def func1(self):

#         print(self.age1)

#

# class B:

#     name2 = 'xiaobai'

#     def func3(self):

#         print('in func3')

#

# obj = A('isa', 24)

# objB = B()

#

# obj.new = objB

# print(obj.new.name2)

# class A:

#     n1 = '太白'

#

#     def __init__(self, name1, age1):

#         self.name = name1

#         self.age = age1

#

#     def func(self):

#         print(self.name)

#         self.func1()

#         print(self.n1)

#         print(666)

#

#     def func1(self):

#         print(777)

#

# obj = A('alex', 73)

# # obj.func()

#

# class B:

#     n2 = 'WuSir'

#

#     def func3(self):

#         print('in func3')

#

# b1 = B()

# obj.b = b1  # 组合 给对象新添加了一个属性'b'

# print(obj.b.n2)

# print(obj.__dict__)

'''

single inheritage

'''

# class A:

#     name = 'alex'

#

#     def func(self):

#         print('IN A')

#

#

# class B(A):

#     name = '太白'

#

#     def func(self):

#         # 下面两种表示方法作用相同：

#         # A.func(self)

#         # super().func()

#         # super放前面则先执行A中的function， super放后面则先执行B中的

#         print('IN b')

#         super().func()

#

#

# obj = B()

# print(obj.name)

# obj.func()

# 1. seek for 'name/obj' in current class first,

# if 'name/obj' exists, then execute, otherwise parent class will be checked

# 2. if attributes of parent class require to be inherited,

# attributes with exact names should not be defined in current class

'''

execution sequence of dynamic and static attributes (functions)

1. seek for __init__() and execute it

2. seek for destination function in current object-->current class of the object-->parent class

'''

# class Parent:

#     def func(self):

#         print('in Parent func')

#

#     def __init__(self):

#         self.func()

#

# class Son(Parent):

#     def func(self):

#         print('in Son func')

#

# son1 = Son()

# class Parent:

#     def func(self):

#         print(self.name)

#         print('parent')

#

#     def __init__(self, name):

#         self.name = name

#

# class SON(Parent):

#     def func(self):

#         print('son')

# obj = SON('xiaobai')

# obj.func()

'''

Interview questions:

1. attributes assignment inside of functions of a class cannot be referenced, eg.:c, t;

2. corresponding attributes of class cannot be reassigned if they were only reassigned in object;

'''

# class A:

#     a = 0

#     b = 1

#     def __init__(self):

#         c = 222

#

#     def func(self):

#         t = 444

#

# d = A()

# d.a = 'new a'

# d.b = 'new b'

# d.c = 'new c'

# print(d.__dict__)

# print(A.__dict__)  # c, t are not inside of the dict of Class A

#

# print(A.c)  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'c'

# print(A.t)  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute 'c'

'''

interface class

'''

# from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

# class Pay(metaclass=ABCMeta):

#     @abstractmethod

#     def pay(self, money):

#         pass

#

# class AliPay(Pay):

#     def pay(self, money):

#         print('alipay %s' % money)

#

# class wechat(Pay):

#     def pay(self, money):

#         print('wechat %s' % money)

#

# class QQpay(Pay):

#     def qqpay(self, money):

#         print('qqpay %s' % money)

#

# obj = QQpay()

# obj.qqpay(11) # TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class QQpay with abstract methods pay

'''

packing of class:

# 私有成员：私有变量,私有对象属性，私有方法

# 私有成员：类外面不可以访问，派生类不可以访问，类内面可以访问

'''

# class A:

#     normattr = 'this is a normal attribute'

#     __name = 'this is a private attribute'

#

#     def __init__(self, name, item):

#         self.name = name  # normal object attribute

#         self.__privateattr = item  # private object attribute

#

#     def func1(self):

#         print('this is a normal function')

#         self.__privatefunc()

#

#     def __privatefunc(self):

#         print(self.__name)

#         print('this is a private object function')

#

#     @property

#     def func2(self):

#         pass

#

#     @staticmethod

#     def func3():

#         pass

#

#     @classmethod

#     def func4(cls):

#         pass

#

# class AA(A):

#     pass

#

# obj = A('parent class', 12)

# # obj.__privatefunc()  # AttributeError: type object 'A' has no attribute '__privatefunc'

# # obj.__name  # AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute '__name'

# # obj.func1()

#

# son = AA('son class', 12)

# # son.__name  # AttributeError: 'AA' object has no attribute '__name'

# # son.__privatefunc()  # AttributeError: 'AA' object has no attribute '__privatefunc'

# son.func1()

'''

@classmethod

# 类方法：必须通过类的调用，而且此方法的意义：就是对类里面的变量或者方法进行修改添加。

'''

# class A:

#     def __init__(self, name, age):

#         self.name = name

#         self.age = age

#

#     def func(self):

#         print('this is a normal function')

#

#     @classmethod

#     def func2(cls, area, name1):

#         cls.area = area

#         cls.name = name1

#

# obj = A('name1', 32)

# obj.name = 'name2'

# obj.age = 22

# print(obj.__dict__)

#

# obj.func2('area', 'name3')  # A.func2('area', 'name3') 可以实现相同的效果

# print(obj.__dict__)

# print(A.__dict__)

'''

calculate how many times that One class has been sampled

'''

# class C:

#     count = 0

#     def __init__(self):

#         C.cou()

#

#     @classmethod

#     def cou(cls):

#         cls.count += 1

#

# obj = C()

# obj = C()

# obj = C()

# obj = C()

# obj = C()

# print(C.count)

'''

@staticmethod

# 静态方法: 就是一个不依赖类以及对象的一个普通函数，为什么在类里面？

# 为了保证代码的一致性，可调控性，整洁性。

'''

# class D:

#     def __init__(self):

#         print('initiation')

#

#     @staticmethod

#     def static_func(name, age):

#         print(name, age)

#

# obj = D()

# D.static_func('xiaobai', 15)

'''

@property

'''

# class F(object):

#     def __init__(self, name, age):

#         self.name = name

#         self.age = age

#

#     def func(self):

#         print('this is a normal function')

#

#     @property

#     def property_func(self, value):

#         self.name = value

#         print('this is a property')

#

#     @property_func.setter

#     def property_func(self, value):

#         self.name = value

#         print(self.name)

#         print('this is setter')

#

#     @property_func.getter

#     def property_func(self):

#         return 'this is getter'

#

#     @property_func.deleter

#     def property_func(self):

#         print('this is deleter')

#

#

# obj = F('alex', 12)

# obj.property_func = 'test setter'

# print(obj.name)

# print(obj.property_func)

# del obj.property_func

'''

苹果：原始价位8元，折扣价格：0.8

'''

# class Produc:

#     def __init__(self, name, origin_price, discount):

#         self.name = name

#         self.__origin_price = origin_price

#         self.__discount = discount

#

#     @property

#     def Price(self):

#         return self.__origin_price*self.__discount

#

#     @Price.setter

#     def Price(self, new_price):

#         self.__origin_price = new_price

#

# obj = Produc('apple', 20, 0.8)

# print(obj.Price)

# obj.Price = 30

# print(obj.Price)

# print(obj.__dict__)

# class Product:

#

#     def __init__(self, name, origin_price, discount):

#         self.name = name

#         self.__origin_price = origin_price

#         self.__discount = discount

#     @property

#     def price(self):

#         return self.__origin_price * self.__discount

#

#     @price.setter

#     def price(self, new_price):

#         self.__origin_price = new_price

# apple = Product('苹果', 8, 0.95)

# # print(apple.price)

# apple.price = 7

# print(apple.price)

'''

反射！！！！

# 反射：通过 字符串 去操作对象(实例化对象 类, 模块)。

# hasattr() getattr() ***

# setattr() delattr() *

# 对实例化对象的示例

# isinstance(obj, class): whether obj is an object of class or not

# issubclass(class1, class2): whether class1 is a subclass of class2 or not

'''

# class A:

#     pass

#

# class B(A):

#     pass

#

# obj = B()

# print(isinstance(obj, B))

# print(issubclass(A, B))

# class A:

#     name = 'alex'

#     age = 23

#

#     def __init__(self, gender, area):

#         self.gender = gender

#         self.area = area

#

#     def func(self):

#         print(self.gender)

#

# obj = A('male', 'shandong')

# # ret = getattr(obj, 'name')

# ret = getattr(obj, 'func')

# ret()

# # ret1 = hasattr(obj, 'func')

# print(ret1)  # False

# ret2 = setattr(obj, 'height', 1.8)

# # ret3 = delattr(obj, 'func') #AttributeError: func (object has no function attributes)

# # delattr(A, 'func')

# print(ret)

# print(ret1)

# print(obj.__dict__)

# print(A.__dict__)

# 对类

# class A:

#

#     name = 'alex'

#     def __init__(self):

#         pass

#

#     def func(self):

#         print('IN func')

#

# # print(getattr(A, 'name'))

# # ret = getattr(A, 'func')

# # ret(1)

# ret = input('>>>>')  # 'func'

# f1 = getattr(A, ret)(1)

# 对当前模块(文件)

# def func():

#     print('in func')

#

#

# import sys

#

# current_module = sys.modules[__name__]

#

# getattr(current_module, 'func')()

#

# 对其他模块(文件)

# import fs

# print(getattr(fs, 'name'))

# ret = getattr(fs, 'func')

# ret()

#

# # call the function in class in another module

# getattr(fs.test, 'func2')(1) # TypeError: func2() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'

# import fs

#

# print(getattr(fs,'n1'))

# ret = getattr(fs,'func')

# ret()

#

# # 方法一：

# clas = getattr(fs, 'A')

# print(clas.name)

#

# # 方法二：

# print(getattr(fs.A, 'name'))

# getattr(fs.A, 'func2')(1)

'''

double-underlined function

1, __str__, __len__, 把对象当作字符串进行一系列操作时，对应的反应，必须包含return，且return必须返回对应操作需返回的数据类型；

'''

#

# class A:

#     def __init__(self):

#         self.a=1

#         self.b=2

#         pass

#

#     def __str__(self):

#         print('this is __str__ method')

#         return '__str__ return'

#

#     def __len__(self):

#         print('this is __len__ method')

#         return len(self.__dict__)

#

#     def __hash__(self):

#         return hash(str(self.a))

#

#     def __repr__(self):

#         return 'this is __repr__'

#

#     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

#         return

#

#     def __eq__(self, other):

#         if self.a == other:

#             return True

#         else:

#             return False

#

#     def __del__(self):

#         return 'this is deleting an object'

#

#

# obj = A()

# print(obj)

# print(len(obj))  # TypeError: object of type 'A' has no len()

# print(hash(obj))

# print(repr(obj))

# print('%r' % obj)  # %r, show initial data type

# test_repr = '123'

# print('%r' % test_repr)  # '123'

# print('%s' % test_repr)  # 123

# print(obj == 4)

# class A:

#     def __init__(self):

#         pass

#     def __str__(self):

#         print(666)

#         return '太白'

# a = A()

# # print(a)

# ret = '姓名：%s' % a

# print(ret)

# class A:

#     def __init__(self):

#         pass

#     def __repr__(self):

#         return '太白'

# a = A()

# # print(repr(a))

# print('%r'%a)

# class Foo:

#

#     def __init__(self):

#         pass

#

#     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):

#         print(args)

#         print('__call__')

#

# obj = Foo()

# obj('WuSir', 'alex')  # 对象() 触发 __call__()方法

# __new__

# 讨论的 __init__  __new__ 先后顺序

# class A:

#     def __init__(self):

#         self.x = 1

#         print('in init')

#

#     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):

#         print('in __new__')

#         return object.__new__(cls)

#

# obj = A()

# print(obj.x)

# 设计模式：单例模式：让一个类的实例化对象有且只有一个。 ***

# class A:

#     pass

# ret = A()

# ret1 = A()

# print(ret, ret1)

# class A:

#     __instance = None

#     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):

#         if cls.__instance is None:

#             obj = object.__new__(cls)

#             cls.__instance = obj

#         return cls.__instance

#

# ret1 = A()

# ret2 = A()

# ret3 = A()

# print(ret1, ret2, ret3)

# __item__系列 __getitem__  __setitem__ __delitem__ ***

# 对一个对象进行类似于字典的操作，就会触发__item__系列的某个方法。

# class Foo:

#     def __init__(self, name):

#         self.name = name

#

#     # def __getitem__(self, item):

#     #     # print('__getitem__此方法执行了')

#     #     # print(item)

#     #     # return self.item  # self.'name'

#     #     return self.__dict__[item]

#     # def __setitem__(self, key, value):

#     #     self.key = value

#

#     def __delitem__(self, key):

#         print('del obj[key]时,我执行')

#         # self.__dict__.pop(key)

#     # def __delattr__(self, item):

#     #     print('del obj.key时,我执行')

#     #     self.__dict__.pop(item)

#

#

# f = Foo('alex')

# # print(f['name'])

# # f['age'] = 25

# del f['name']

# print(f.__dict__)

'''

serializable modules: pkl, json, shelve

json: 网络传输

1. json.dump(obj, fp)方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将字典转换成json字符串写入文件

2. json.load(fp)方法接收一个文件句柄，直接将文件中的json字符串转换成数据结构返回

'''

# import json

# json.dumps()/json.loads() are for data transmission between different tools,

# eg., python and Java

# dic = {'name': 'alex', 'age': 18, 'gender': 'male'}

# ret = json.dumps(dic, ensure_ascii=False)  # 序列化过程 ： 就是变成一个特殊的字符串

# print(ret)  # json-typed string are characterized with double quotes

# print(dic)  # python-typed string are characterized with single quotes

#

# result = json.loads(ret)  # 反序列化：将序列化的特殊字符串反解成原来的类型。

# print(result)

# dic.dump()/dic.load():

# f = open('json_file', 'w')

# ret = json.dump(dic, f)

# json.dump(): requires two arguments, content that required to be written, and file that required to be written in

# f.close()

# f = open('json_file', 'r')

# print(json.load(f))

# # json.load() : only file to be read is necessary

# f.close()

# exercise 2

# dic2 = {

#     1: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'male'},

#     2: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'female'},

#     3: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'male'},

#     4: {'name': 'alex', 'age': 23, 'gender': 'male'}

# }

# dumps/loads

# ret = json.dumps(dic2, ensure_ascii=False)

# print(ret)

# print(json.loads(ret))

# dump/load

# f1 = open('json_file2', 'w')

# json.dump(dic2, f1)

# f2.close()

# f2 = open('json_file2', 'r')

# print(json.load(f2))

# f2.close()

'''

pkl:只用于Python语言之间的传输，包含所有的python支持的数据类型。

pickle.dump()/pickle.load():写入文件  (这个不仅可以写常规的数据，还可以将对象写入)

'''

import pickle

# dic = {'name': 'xiaobai', 'age': 22, 'gender': 'male'}

# ret = pickle.dumps(dic)

# print(ret)

#

# print(pickle.loads(ret))

# f1 = open('pkl_file', 'wb')  # data in bytes-type was written

# pickle.dump(dic, f1)

# f1.close()

#

# f2 = open('pkl_file', 'rb')  # default mode='r', 'rb' has to be set

# print(pickle.load(f2))

# class A:

#     name = 'xiaobai'

#     def func(self):

#         print(111)

#

# f1 = open('pkl_file2', 'wb')

# pickle.dump(A, f1)

# f1.close()

#

# f2 = open('pkl_file2', 'rb')

# pickle.load(f2).func(1)

'''

random package

'''

# import random

# stupied method

# def select():

#     char_lis = []

#     num_lis =[]

#     for i in range(97, 123):

#         char_lis.append(chr(i))

#     for i in range(0, 10):

#         num_lis.append(i)

#     i = 0

#     code =''

#     while i < 5:

#         i += 1

#         a = random.sample(char_lis)

#         b = random.sample(num_lis)

#         c = random.sample(a, b)

#         code += c

#     return code

# print(select())

# smarter one: create random codes including capitalized and lower-cased characters and numbers

# def code():

#     codes = ''

#     for i in range(1, 6):

#         num = str(random.randint(0, 9))

#         capitalized_char = chr(random.randint(97, 122))

#         lowercased_char = chr(random.randint(65, 90))

#         c1 = random.choice([num, capitalized_char, lowercased_char])

#         codes += c1

#     return codes

#

#

# print(code())

#

# print(random.sample([1, 3, 5, 'a'], 2))  # two arguments required: iterable para, number

# print(random.random())  # return float between 0-1

# print(random.randrange(1, 3))  # randrange: exclude lower bound

# print(random.randint(10, 11))  # randint: include lower bound

# print(random.uniform(0, 10))  # float between upper and lower bounds