Django Rest Framework（一）
2024-08-23 00:22:56
一、什么是RESTful
REST与技术无关，代表一种软件架构风格，REST是Representational State Transfer的简称，中文翻译为“表征状态转移”。
REST从资源的角度审视整个网络，它将分布在网络中某个节点的资源通过URL进行标识，客户端应用通过URL来获取资源的表征，获取这些表征致使这些应用转变状态。
所有的数据，不管是通过网络获取的还是操作（增删改查）的数据都是资源，将一切数据视为资源是REST区别于其他架构风格的最本质属性。
对于REST这种面向资源的架构风格，有人提出一种全新的结构理念，即面向资源架构（ROA：Resource Oriented Architecture）。
二、RESTful API设计
1.API与用户的通信协议，总是使用HTTPS协议。
2.域名
- https://api.example.com 尽量将API部署在专用域名（会存在跨域问题）
- https://example.org API很简单
3.路径，视网络上任何东西都是资源，均使用名词表示（可复数）
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos
- https://api.example.com/v1/animals
4.method
- GET 从服务器取资源（一项或多项）
- POST 在服务器新建一个资源
- PUT 在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变后的完整资源）
- PATCH 在服务器更新资源（客户端提供改变的属性）
- DELETE 从服务器删除资源
5.过滤，通过在URL上传参数的形式传递搜索条件
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?limit=10：指定返回记录的数量
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?offset=10：指定返回记录的开始位置
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?page=2&per_page=100：指定第几页，以及每页的记录数
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?sortby=name&order=asc：指定返回结果按照哪个属性排序，以及排序顺序
- https://api.example.com/v1/zoos?animal_type_id=1：指定筛选条件
6.状态码
OK - [GET]：服务器成功返回用户请求的数据，该操作是幂等的（Idempotent）。
CREATED - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户新建或修改数据成功。
Accepted - [*]：表示一个请求已经进入后台排队（异步任务）
NO CONTENT - [DELETE]：用户删除数据成功。
INVALID REQUEST - [POST/PUT/PATCH]：用户发出的请求有错误，服务器没有进行新建或修改数据的操作，该操作是幂等的。
Unauthorized - [*]：表示用户没有权限（令牌、用户名、密码错误）。
Forbidden - [*] 表示用户得到授权（与401错误相对），但是访问是被禁止的。
NOT FOUND - [*]：用户发出的请求针对的是不存在的记录，服务器没有进行操作，该操作是幂等的。
Not Acceptable - [GET]：用户请求的格式不可得（比如用户请求JSON格式，但是只有XML格式）。
Gone -[GET]：用户请求的资源被永久删除，且不会再得到的。
Unprocesable entity - [POST/PUT/PATCH] 当创建一个对象时，发生一个验证错误。
INTERNAL SERVER ERROR - [*]：服务器发生错误，用户将无法判断发出的请求是否成功。 更多看这里：http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html
常用状态码列表
7.错误处理，状态码是4XX时，应返回错误信息，error当作key
{
error: "Invalid API key"
}
8.返回结果，针对不同操作，服务器向用户返回的结果应该符合以下规范。
GET /collection：返回资源对象的列表（数组）
GET /collection/resource：返回单个资源对象
POST /collection：返回新生成的资源对象
PUT /collection/resource：返回完整的资源对象
PATCH /collection/resource：返回完整的资源对象
DELETE /collection/resource：返回一个空文档
9.Hypermedia API，RESTful API最好做到Hypermedia，即返回结果中提供链接，连向其它API方法，使用户不查文档，也知道下一步应该做什么。
{"link": {
"rel": "collection https://www.example.com/zoos",
"href": "https://api.example.com/zoos",
"title": "List of zoos",
"type": "application/vnd.yourformat+json"
}}
摘自：http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/05/restful_api.html
三、基于Django实现
路由系统：
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^users', Users.as_view()),
]
CBV视图：
from django.views import View
from django.http import JsonResponse class Users(View):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
result = {
'status': True,
'data': 'response data'
}
return JsonResponse(result, status=200) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
result = {
'status': True,
'data': 'response data'
}
return JsonResponse(result, status=200)
四、基于Django Rest framework框架实现
1.基本流程
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s1_api import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
url.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response class TestView(APIView):
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
"""
请求到来之后，都要执行dispatch方法，dispatch方法根据请求方式不同触发 get/post/put等方法 注意：APIView中的dispatch方法有好多好多的功能
"""
return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
上述是rest framework框架基本流程，重要的功能是在APIview的dispatch中触发。
2.认证和授权
（1）用户url传入的token认证
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions token_list = [
'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
'asijnfowerkkf9812',
] class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
"""
用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
:param request:
:return:
None,表示跳过该验证；
如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
self._authenticator = None
if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
else:
self.user = None if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
else:
self.auth = None
(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
AuthenticationFailed异常
"""
val = request.query_params.get('token')
if val not in token_list:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败") return ('登录用户', '用户token') def authenticate_header(self, request):
"""
Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
"""
# 验证失败时，返回的响应头WWW-Authenticate对应的值
pass class TestView(APIView):
authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
permission_classes = [] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（2）请求头认证
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.viewsimport TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions token_list = [
'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
'asijnfowerkkf9812',
] class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
"""
用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
:param request:
:return:
None,表示跳过该验证；
如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
self._authenticator = None
if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
else:
self.user = None if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
else:
self.auth = None
(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
AuthenticationFailed异常
"""
import base64
auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
if auth:
auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
auth = auth.split()
if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
if len(auth) != 2:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
if username == 'alex' and password == '':
return ('登录用户', '用户token')
else:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误') def authenticate_header(self, request):
"""
Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
"""
return 'Basic realm=api' class TestView(APIView):
authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ]
permission_classes = [] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（3）多个认证规则
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s2_auth import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions token_list = [
'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
'asijnfowerkkf9812',
] class Test1Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
"""
用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
:param request:
:return:
None,表示跳过该验证；
如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
self._authenticator = None
if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户
else:
self.user = None if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
else:
self.auth = None
(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
AuthenticationFailed异常
"""
import base64
auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', b'')
if auth:
auth = auth.encode('utf-8')
else:
return None
print(auth,'xxxx')
auth = auth.split()
if not auth or auth[0].lower() != b'basic':
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
if len(auth) != 2:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('验证失败')
username, part, password = base64.b64decode(auth[1]).decode('utf-8').partition(':')
if username == 'alex' and password == '':
return ('登录用户', '用户token')
else:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户名或密码错误') def authenticate_header(self, request):
"""
Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
"""
# return 'Basic realm=api'
pass class Test2Authentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
"""
用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
:param request:
:return:
None,表示跳过该验证；
如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
self._authenticator = None
if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户
else:
self.user = None if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
else:
self.auth = None
(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
AuthenticationFailed异常
"""
val = request.query_params.get('token')
if val not in token_list:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败") return ('登录用户', '用户token') def authenticate_header(self, request):
"""
Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
"""
pass class TestView(APIView):
authentication_classes = [Test1Authentication, Test2Authentication]
permission_classes = [] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（4）认证和权限
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework import exceptions token_list = [
'sfsfss123kuf3j123',
'asijnfowerkkf9812',
] class TestAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
"""
用户认证，如果验证成功后返回元组： (用户,用户Token)
:param request:
:return:
None,表示跳过该验证；
如果跳过了所有认证，默认用户和Token和使用配置文件进行设置
self._authenticator = None
if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER() # 默认值为：匿名用户
else:
self.user = None if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()# 默认值为：None
else:
self.auth = None
(user,token)表示验证通过并设置用户名和Token；
AuthenticationFailed异常
"""
val = request.query_params.get('token')
if val not in token_list:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed("用户认证失败") return ('登录用户', '用户token') def authenticate_header(self, request):
"""
Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
"""
pass class TestPermission(BasePermission):
message = "权限验证失败" def has_permission(self, request, view):
"""
判断是否有权限访问当前请求
Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
:param request:
:param view:
:return: True有权限；False无权限
"""
if request.user == "管理员":
return True # GenericAPIView中get_object时调用
def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
"""
视图继承GenericAPIView，并在其中使用get_object时获取对象时，触发单独对象权限验证
Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
:param request:
:param view:
:param obj:
:return: True有权限；False无权限
"""
if request.user == "管理员":
return True class TestView(APIView):
# 认证的动作是由request.user触发
authentication_classes = [TestAuthentication, ] # 权限
# 循环执行所有的权限
permission_classes = [TestPermission, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# self.dispatch
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（5）全局使用
上述操作中均是对单独试图进行特殊操作配置，如果要对全局进行配置，则需要在配置文件中写入即可。
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
"DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": [
"web.utils.TestAuthentication",
],
"DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES": [
"web.utils.TestPermission",
],
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response class TestView(APIView): def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# self.dispatch
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
3.用户访问次数/频率限制
（1）基于用户IP限制访问频率
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
from rest_framework.settings import api_settings # 保存访问记录
RECORD = {
'用户IP': [12312139, 12312135, 12312133, ]
} class TestThrottle(BaseThrottle):
ctime = time.time def get_ident(self, request):
"""
根据用户IP和代理IP，当做请求者的唯一IP
Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
if present and number of proxies is > 0. If not use all of
HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
"""
xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES if num_proxies is not None:
if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
return remote_addr
addrs = xff.split(',')
client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
return client_addr.strip() return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr def allow_request(self, request, view):
"""
是否仍然在允许范围内
Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
:param request:
:param view:
:return: True，表示可以通过；False表示已超过限制，不允许访问
"""
# 获取用户唯一标识（如：IP） # 允许一分钟访问10次
num_request = 10
time_request = 60 now = self.ctime()
ident = self.get_ident(request)
self.ident = ident
if ident not in RECORD:
RECORD[ident] = [now, ]
return True
history = RECORD[ident]
while history and history[-1] <= now - time_request:
history.pop()
if len(history) < num_request:
history.insert(0, now)
return True def wait(self):
"""
多少秒后可以允许继续访问
Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
the next request.
"""
last_time = RECORD[self.ident][0]
now = self.ctime()
return int(60 + last_time - now) class TestView(APIView):
throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# self.dispatch
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容') def throttled(self, request, wait):
"""
访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
""" class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
default_detail = '请求被限制.'
extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.' raise Throttled(wait)
views.py
（2）基于用户IP显示访问频率（利用Django缓存）
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'test_scope': '10/m',
},
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle class TestThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle): # 配置文件定义的显示频率的Key
scope = "test_scope" def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
"""
Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
Must be overridden. May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
"""
if not request.user:
ident = self.get_ident(request)
else:
ident = request.user return self.cache_format % {
'scope': self.scope,
'ident': ident
} class TestView(APIView):
throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# self.dispatch
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容') def throttled(self, request, wait):
"""
访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
""" class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
default_detail = '请求被限制.'
extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.' raise Throttled(wait)
views.py
（3）view中限制请求频率
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'xxxxxx': '10/m',
},
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response from rest_framework import exceptions
from rest_framework.throttling import ScopedRateThrottle # 继承 ScopedRateThrottle
class TestThrottle(ScopedRateThrottle): def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
"""
Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
Must be overridden. May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
"""
if not request.user:
ident = self.get_ident(request)
else:
ident = request.user return self.cache_format % {
'scope': self.scope,
'ident': ident
} class TestView(APIView):
throttle_classes = [TestThrottle, ] # 在settings中获取 xxxxxx 对应的频率限制值
throttle_scope = "xxxxxx" def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# self.dispatch
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容') def throttled(self, request, wait):
"""
访问次数被限制时，定制错误信息
""" class Throttled(exceptions.Throttled):
default_detail = '请求被限制.'
extra_detail_singular = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.'
extra_detail_plural = '请 {wait} 秒之后再重试.' raise Throttled(wait)
views.py
（4）匿名时用IP限制+登录时用Token限制
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': None,
'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': None,
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'luffy_anon': '10/m',
'luffy_user': '20/m',
},
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s3_throttling import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle class LuffyAnonRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
"""
匿名用户，根据IP进行限制
"""
scope = "luffy_anon" def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
# 用户已登录，则跳过 匿名频率限制
if request.user:
return None return self.cache_format % {
'scope': self.scope,
'ident': self.get_ident(request)
} class LuffyUserRateThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
"""
登录用户，根据用户token限制
"""
scope = "luffy_user" def get_ident(self, request):
"""
认证成功时：request.user是用户对象；request.auth是token对象
:param request:
:return:
"""
# return request.auth.token
return "user_token" def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
"""
获取缓存key
:param request:
:param view:
:return:
"""
# 未登录用户，则跳过 Token限制
if not request.user:
return None return self.cache_format % {
'scope': self.scope,
'ident': self.get_ident(request)
} class TestView(APIView):
throttle_classes = [LuffyUserRateThrottle, LuffyAnonRateThrottle, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# self.dispatch
print(request.user)
print(request.auth)
return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（5）全局使用
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': [
'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyAnonRateThrottle',
'api.utils.throttles.throttles.LuffyUserRateThrottle',
],
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'anon': '10/day',
'user': '10/day',
'luffy_anon': '10/m',
'luffy_user': '20/m',
},
}
settings
4.版本
（1）基于url的get传参方式
如：/users?version=v1
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1', # 默认版本
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'], # 允许的版本
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' # URL中获取值的key
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(),name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning class TestView(APIView):
versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # 获取版本
print(request.version)
# 获取版本管理的类
print(request.versioning_scheme) # 反向生成URL
reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
print(reverse_url) return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（2）基于url的正则方式
如：/v1/users/
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1', # 默认版本
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'], # 允许的版本
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' # URL中获取值的key
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning class TestView(APIView):
versioning_class = URLPathVersioning def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取版本
print(request.version)
# 获取版本管理的类
print(request.versioning_scheme) # 反向生成URL
reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
print(reverse_url) return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（3）基于accept请求方式
如：Accept: application/json; version=1.0
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1', # 默认版本
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'], # 允许的版本
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' # URL中获取值的key
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import AcceptHeaderVersioning class TestView(APIView):
versioning_class = AcceptHeaderVersioning def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取版本 HTTP_ACCEPT头
print(request.version)
# 获取版本管理的类
print(request.versioning_scheme)
# 反向生成URL
reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
print(reverse_url) return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（4）基于主机名方法
如：v1.example.com
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1', # 默认版本
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'], # 允许的版本
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' # URL中获取值的key
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import HostNameVersioning class TestView(APIView):
versioning_class = HostNameVersioning def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取版本
print(request.version)
# 获取版本管理的类
print(request.versioning_scheme)
# 反向生成URL
reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
print(reverse_url) return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（5）基于Django路由系统的namespace
如：example.com/v1/users/
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1', # 默认版本
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'], # 允许的版本
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version' # URL中获取值的key
}
setting.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'^v1/', ([
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
], None, 'v1')),
url(r'^v2/', ([
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
], None, 'v2')), ]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.versioning import NamespaceVersioning class TestView(APIView):
versioning_class = NamespaceVersioning def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取版本
print(request.version)
# 获取版本管理的类
print(request.versioning_scheme)
# 反向生成URL
reverse_url = request.versioning_scheme.reverse('test', request=request)
print(reverse_url) return Response('GET请求，响应内容') def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（6）全局使用
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':"rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning",
'DEFAULT_VERSION': 'v1',
'ALLOWED_VERSIONS': ['v1', 'v2'],
'VERSION_PARAM': 'version'
}
settings.py
5.解析器（parser）
根据请求头content-type选择对应的解析器就请求体内容处理。
（1）进处理请求头content-type为application/json的请求体
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s5_parser import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [JSONParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data) # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES) return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（2）仅处理请求头content-type为application/x-www-form-urlencoded的请求体
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [FormParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data) # application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES) return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（3）仅处理请求头content-type为multipart/form-data的请求体
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import MultiPartParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [MultiPartParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="file" name="img"> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form>
</body>
</html>
upload.html
（4）仅上传文件
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/(?P<filename>[^/]+)', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import FileUploadParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [FileUploadParser, ] def post(self, request, filename, *args, **kwargs):
print(filename)
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/f1.numbers" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" name="user" />
<input type="file" name="img"> <input type="submit" value="提交"> </form>
</body>
</html>
upload.html
（5）同时多个Parser
当同时使用多个parser时，rest framework会更具请求头content-type自动进行比对，并使用对应parser。
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.request import Request
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser class TestView(APIView):
parser_classes = [JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser, ] def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
（6）全局使用
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
]
}
settings.py
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response class TestView(APIView):
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(request.content_type) # 获取请求的值，并使用对应的JSONParser进行处理
print(request.data)
# application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data时，request.POST中才有值
print(request.POST)
print(request.FILES)
return Response('POST请求，响应内容') def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('PUT请求，响应内容')
views.py
注意：个别特殊的值可以通过Django的request对象 request._request 来进行获取
6.序列化
序列化用于对用户请求数据进行验证和数据进行序列化。
（1）自定义字段
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models class PasswordValidator(object):
def __init__(self, base):
self.base = base def __call__(self, value):
if value != self.base:
message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
raise serializers.ValidationError(message) def set_context(self, serializer_field):
"""
This hook is called by the serializer instance,
prior to the validation call being made.
"""
# 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
pass class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
ut_title = serializers.CharField(source='ut.title')
user = serializers.CharField(min_length=6)
pwd = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required': '密码不能为空'}, validators=[PasswordValidator('')]) class TestView(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = UserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
# 或
# obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
# ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
return Response(ser.data) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
ser = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
print(ser.validated_data)
else:
print(ser.errors) return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
views.py
（2）基于Model自动生成字段
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models class PasswordValidator(object):
def __init__(self, base):
self.base = str(base) def __call__(self, value):
if value != self.base:
message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
raise serializers.ValidationError(message) def set_context(self, serializer_field):
"""
This hook is called by the serializer instance,
prior to the validation call being made.
"""
# 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
pass class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): user = serializers.CharField(max_length=32) class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__"
# fields = ['user', 'pwd', 'ut']
depth = 2
extra_kwargs = {'user': {'min_length': 6}, 'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]}}
# read_only_fields = ['user'] class TestView(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True)
# 或
# obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
# ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
return Response(ser.data) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
print(request.data)
ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
print(ser.validated_data)
else:
print(ser.errors) return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
views.py
（3）生成URL
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='detail'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models class PasswordValidator(object):
def __init__(self, base):
self.base = str(base) def __call__(self, value):
if value != self.base:
message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
raise serializers.ValidationError(message) def set_context(self, serializer_field):
"""
This hook is called by the serializer instance,
prior to the validation call being made.
"""
# 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
pass class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
ut = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='detail')
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" extra_kwargs = {
'user': {'min_length': 6},
'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666),]},
} class TestView(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs): # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
# 或
# obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
# ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
return Response(ser.data) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
print(request.data)
ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
print(ser.validated_data)
else:
print(ser.errors) return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
views.py
（4）自动生成URL
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s6_serializers import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view(), name='test'),
url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view(), name='xxxx'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models class PasswordValidator(object):
def __init__(self, base):
self.base = str(base) def __call__(self, value):
if value != self.base:
message = 'This field must be %s.' % self.base
raise serializers.ValidationError(message) def set_context(self, serializer_field):
"""
This hook is called by the serializer instance,
prior to the validation call being made.
"""
# 执行验证之前调用,serializer_fields是当前字段对象
pass class ModelUserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
ll = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(view_name='xxxx')
tt = serializers.CharField(required=False) class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__"
list_serializer_class = serializers.ListSerializer extra_kwargs = {
'user': {'min_length': 6},
'pwd': {'validators': [PasswordValidator(666), ]},
'url': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
'ut': {'view_name': 'xxxx'},
} class TestView(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# # 序列化，将数据库查询字段序列化为字典
data_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = ModelUserSerializer(instance=data_list, many=True, context={'request': request})
# # 如果Many=True
# # 或
# # obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
# # ser = UserSerializer(instance=obj, many=False)
return Response(ser.data) def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
print(request.data)
ser = ModelUserSerializer(data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
print(ser.validated_data)
else:
print(ser.errors) return Response('POST请求，响应内容')
views.py
7.分页
（1）根据页码进行分页
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s9_pagination urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination class StandardResultsSetPagination(PageNumberPagination):
# 默认每页显示的数据条数
page_size = 1
# 获取URL参数中设置的每页显示数据条数
page_size_query_param = 'page_size' # 获取URL参数中传入的页码key
page_query_param = 'page' # 最大支持的每页显示的数据条数
max_page_size = 1 class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class UserViewSet(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id') # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self) # 序列化对象
serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True) # 生成分页和数据
response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
return response
views.py
（2）位置和个数进行分页
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination class StandardResultsSetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
# 默认每页显示的数据条数
default_limit = 10
# URL中传入的显示数据条数的参数
limit_query_param = 'limit'
# URL中传入的数据位置的参数
offset_query_param = 'offset'
# 最大每页显得条数
max_limit = None class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class UserViewSet(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id') # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self) # 序列化对象
serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True) # 生成分页和数据
response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
return response
views.py
（3）游标分页
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s9_pagination urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/', s9_pagination.UserViewSet.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination, LimitOffsetPagination, CursorPagination class StandardResultsSetPagination(CursorPagination):
# URL传入的游标参数
cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
# 默认每页显示的数据条数
page_size = 2
# URL传入的每页显示条数的参数
page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
# 每页显示数据最大条数
max_page_size = 1000 # 根据ID从大到小排列
ordering = "id" class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class UserViewSet(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id') # 实例化分页对象，获取数据库中的分页数据
paginator = StandardResultsSetPagination()
page_user_list = paginator.paginate_queryset(user_list, self.request, view=self) # 序列化对象
serializer = UserSerializer(page_user_list, many=True) # 生成分页和数据
response = paginator.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
return response
views.py
8.路由系统
（1）自定义路由
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
url(r'^test/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$', s11_render.TestView.as_view())
]
urls.py
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from .. import models class TestView(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
print(kwargs)
print(self.renderer_classes)
return Response('...')
views.py
（2）半自动路由
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
url(r'^test/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
{'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
views.py
（3）全自动路由
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from web.views import s10_generic router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', s10_generic.UserViewSet) urlpatterns = [
url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
]
urls.py
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
views.py
9.视图
（1）GenericViewSet
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views.s7_viewset import TestView urlpatterns = [
url(r'test/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='test'),
url(r'detail/(?P<pk>\d+)/', TestView.as_view({'get':'list'}), name='xxxx'),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework.response import Response class TestView(viewsets.GenericViewSet):
def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return Response('...') def add(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pass def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pass def edit(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pass
views.py
（2）ModelViewSet（自定义URL）
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s10_generic urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view({'get': 'list', 'post': 'create'})),
url(r'^test/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', s10_generic.UserViewSet.as_view(
{'get': 'retrieve', 'put': 'update', 'patch': 'partial_update', 'delete': 'destroy'})),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
from rest_framework import serializers
from .. import models class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class UserViewSet(ModelViewSet):
queryset = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
serializer_class = UserSerializer
views.py
（3）ModelViewSet（rest framework路由）
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from rest_framework import routers
from app01 import views router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'users', views.UserViewSet)
router.register(r'groups', views.GroupViewSet) # Wire up our API using automatic URL routing.
# Additionally, we include login URLs for the browsable API.
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
]
urls.py
from rest_framework import viewsets
from rest_framework import serializers class UserSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.User
fields = ('url', 'username', 'email', 'groups') class GroupSerializer(serializers.HyperlinkedModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.Group
fields = ('url', 'name') class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""
API endpoint that allows users to be viewed or edited.
"""
queryset = User.objects.all().order_by('-date_joined')
serializer_class = UserSerializer class GroupViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""
API endpoint that allows groups to be viewed or edited.
"""
queryset = Group.objects.all()
serializer_class = GroupSerializer
views.py
10.渲染器
根据用户请求URL或用户可接受的类型，筛选出合适的渲染组件
用户请求URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
用户请求头：
- Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8
（1）json
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.json
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
views.py
（2）表格
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.admin
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [AdminRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
views.py
（3）Form表单
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.form
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import AdminRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import HTMLFormRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [HTMLFormRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
return Response(ser.data)
views.py
（4）自定义显示模板
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=html
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from web.views import s11_render urlpatterns = [
url(r'^test/$', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
url(r'^test\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)', s11_render.TestView.as_view()),
]
urls.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers
from rest_framework.renderers import TemplateHTMLRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [TemplateHTMLRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')
views.py
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{{ user }}
{{ pwd }}
{{ ut }}
</body>
</html>
userdetail.html
（5）浏览器格式API+JSON
访问URL：
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/?format=api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.api
- http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework import serializers from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer
from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer from .. import models class TestSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
fields = "__all__" class CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer(BrowsableAPIRenderer):
def get_default_renderer(self, view):
return JSONRenderer() class TestView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [CustomBrowsableAPIRenderer, ] def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().first()
ser = TestSerializer(instance=user_list, many=False)
return Response(ser.data, template_name='user_detail.html')
views.py
注意：如果同时多个存在时，自动根据URL后缀来选择渲染器。
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