old_keys = set(old_dict.keys())

new_keys = set(new_dict.keys())

#需要更新元素的键

update_keys = old_keys.intersection(new_keys)

print(update_keys)

#需要删除元素的键

del_keys = old_keys.difference(new_keys)

#需要添加元素的键

add_keys = new_keys.difference(old_keys)

print(del_keys)

print(add_keys)

update_keys = list(update_keys)

for i in update_keys :

    old_dict[i] = new_dict[i]

del_keys = list(del_keys)

for j in del_keys :

    del old_dict[j]

for k in list(add_keys) :

    old_dict[k] = new_dict[k]

print(old_dict)

########################################

{'#3': {'hostname': 'c1', 'cpu_count': , 'mem_capicity': }, '#1': {'hostname': 'c1', 'cpu_count': , 'mem_capicity': }, '#4': {'hostname': 'c2', 'cpu_count': , 'mem_capicity': }}

 ########################################################################

 ###  Counter

 ########################################################################

 class Counter(dict):

     '''Dict subclass for counting hashable items.  Sometimes called a bag

     or multiset.  Elements are stored as dictionary keys and their counts

     are stored as dictionary values.

     >>> c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')  # count elements from a string

     >>> c.most_common(3)                # three most common elements

     [('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]

     >>> sorted(c)                       # list all unique elements

     ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']

     >>> ''.join(sorted(c.elements()))   # list elements with repetitions

     'aaaaabbbbcccdde'

     >>> sum(c.values())                 # total of all counts

     >>> c['a']                          # count of letter 'a'

     >>> for elem in 'shazam':           # update counts from an iterable

     ...     c[elem] += 1                # by adding 1 to each element's count

     >>> c['a']                          # now there are seven 'a'

     >>> del c['b']                      # remove all 'b'

     >>> c['b']                          # now there are zero 'b'

     >>> d = Counter('simsalabim')       # make another counter

     >>> c.update(d)                     # add in the second counter

     >>> c['a']                          # now there are nine 'a'

     >>> c.clear()                       # empty the counter

     >>> c

     Counter()

     Note:  If a count is set to zero or reduced to zero, it will remain

     in the counter until the entry is deleted or the counter is cleared:

     >>> c = Counter('aaabbc')

     >>> c['b'] -= 2                     # reduce the count of 'b' by two

     >>> c.most_common()                 # 'b' is still in, but its count is zero

     [('a', 3), ('c', 1), ('b', 0)]

     '''

     # References:

     #   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

     #   http://www.gnu.org/software/smalltalk/manual-base/html_node/Bag.html

     #   http://www.demo2s.com/Tutorial/Cpp/0380__set-multiset/Catalog0380__set-multiset.htm

     #   http://code.activestate.com/recipes/259174/

     #   Knuth, TAOCP Vol. II section 4.6.3

     def __init__(self, iterable=None, **kwds):

         '''Create a new, empty Counter object.  And if given, count elements

         from an input iterable.  Or, initialize the count from another mapping

         of elements to their counts.

         >>> c = Counter()                           # a new, empty counter

         >>> c = Counter('gallahad')                 # a new counter from an iterable

         >>> c = Counter({'a': 4, 'b': 2})           # a new counter from a mapping

         >>> c = Counter(a=4, b=2)                   # a new counter from keyword args

         '''

         super(Counter, self).__init__()

         self.update(iterable, **kwds)

     def __missing__(self, key):

         """ 对于不存在的元素，返回计数器为0 """

         'The count of elements not in the Counter is zero.'

         # Needed so that self[missing_item] does not raise KeyError

         return 0

     def most_common(self, n=None):

         """ 数量大于等n的所有元素和计数器 """

         '''List the n most common elements and their counts from the most

         common to the least.  If n is None, then list all element counts.

         >>> Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba').most_common(3)

         [('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]

         '''

         # Emulate Bag.sortedByCount from Smalltalk

         if n is None:

             return sorted(self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1), reverse=True)

         return _heapq.nlargest(n, self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1))

     def elements(self):

         """ 计数器中的所有元素，注：此处非所有元素集合，而是包含所有元素集合的迭代器 """

         '''Iterator over elements repeating each as many times as its count.

         >>> c = Counter('ABCABC')

         >>> sorted(c.elements())

         ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C']

         # Knuth's example for prime factors of 1836:  2**2 * 3**3 * 17**1

         >>> prime_factors = Counter({2: 2, 3: 3, 17: 1})

         >>> product = 1

         >>> for factor in prime_factors.elements():     # loop over factors

         ...     product *= factor                       # and multiply them

         >>> product

         Note, if an element's count has been set to zero or is a negative

         number, elements() will ignore it.

         '''

         # Emulate Bag.do from Smalltalk and Multiset.begin from C++.

         return _chain.from_iterable(_starmap(_repeat, self.iteritems()))

     # Override dict methods where necessary

     @classmethod

     def fromkeys(cls, iterable, v=None):

         # There is no equivalent method for counters because setting v=1

         # means that no element can have a count greater than one.

         raise NotImplementedError(

             'Counter.fromkeys() is undefined.  Use Counter(iterable) instead.')

     def update(self, iterable=None, **kwds):

         """ 更新计数器，其实就是增加；如果原来没有，则新建，如果有则加一 """

         '''Like dict.update() but add counts instead of replacing them.

         Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.

         >>> c = Counter('which')

         >>> c.update('witch')           # add elements from another iterable

         >>> d = Counter('watch')

         >>> c.update(d)                 # add elements from another counter

         >>> c['h']                      # four 'h' in which, witch, and watch

         '''

         # The regular dict.update() operation makes no sense here because the

         # replace behavior results in the some of original untouched counts

         # being mixed-in with all of the other counts for a mismash that

         # doesn't have a straight-forward interpretation in most counting

         # contexts.  Instead, we implement straight-addition.  Both the inputs

         # and outputs are allowed to contain zero and negative counts.

         if iterable is not None:

             if isinstance(iterable, Mapping):

                 if self:

                     self_get = self.get

                     for elem, count in iterable.iteritems():

                         self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) + count

                 else:

                     super(Counter, self).update(iterable) # fast path when counter is empty

             else:

                 self_get = self.get

                 for elem in iterable:

                     self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) + 1

         if kwds:

             self.update(kwds)

     def subtract(self, iterable=None, **kwds):

         """ 相减，原来的计数器中的每一个元素的数量减去后添加的元素的数量 """

         '''Like dict.update() but subtracts counts instead of replacing them.

         Counts can be reduced below zero.  Both the inputs and outputs are

         allowed to contain zero and negative counts.

         Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.

         >>> c = Counter('which')

         >>> c.subtract('witch')             # subtract elements from another iterable

         >>> c.subtract(Counter('watch'))    # subtract elements from another counter

         >>> c['h']                          # 2 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch

         >>> c['w']                          # 1 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch

         -1

         '''

         if iterable is not None:

             self_get = self.get

             if isinstance(iterable, Mapping):

                 for elem, count in iterable.items():

                     self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) - count

             else:

                 for elem in iterable:

                     self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) - 1

         if kwds:

             self.subtract(kwds)

     def copy(self):

         """ 拷贝 """

         'Return a shallow copy.'

         return self.__class__(self)

     def __reduce__(self):

         """ 返回一个元组（类型，元组） """

         return self.__class__, (dict(self),)

     def __delitem__(self, elem):

         """ 删除元素 """

         'Like dict.__delitem__() but does not raise KeyError for missing values.'

         if elem in self:

             super(Counter, self).__delitem__(elem)

     def __repr__(self):

         if not self:

             return '%s()' % self.__class__.__name__

         items = ', '.join(map('%r: %r'.__mod__, self.most_common()))

         return '%s({%s})' % (self.__class__.__name__, items)

     # Multiset-style mathematical operations discussed in:

     #       Knuth TAOCP Volume II section 4.6.3 exercise 19

     #       and at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiset

     #

     # Outputs guaranteed to only include positive counts.

     #

     # To strip negative and zero counts, add-in an empty counter:

     #       c += Counter()

     def __add__(self, other):

         '''Add counts from two counters.

         >>> Counter('abbb') + Counter('bcc')

         Counter({'b': 4, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})

         '''

         if not isinstance(other, Counter):

             return NotImplemented

         result = Counter()

         for elem, count in self.items():

             newcount = count + other[elem]

             if newcount > 0:

                 result[elem] = newcount

         for elem, count in other.items():

             if elem not in self and count > 0:

                 result[elem] = count

         return result

     def __sub__(self, other):

         ''' Subtract count, but keep only results with positive counts.

         >>> Counter('abbbc') - Counter('bccd')

         Counter({'b': 2, 'a': 1})

         '''

         if not isinstance(other, Counter):

             return NotImplemented

         result = Counter()

         for elem, count in self.items():

             newcount = count - other[elem]

             if newcount > 0:

                 result[elem] = newcount

         for elem, count in other.items():

             if elem not in self and count < 0:

                 result[elem] = 0 - count

         return result

     def __or__(self, other):

         '''Union is the maximum of value in either of the input counters.

         >>> Counter('abbb') | Counter('bcc')

         Counter({'b': 3, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})

         '''

         if not isinstance(other, Counter):

             return NotImplemented

         result = Counter()

         for elem, count in self.items():

             other_count = other[elem]

             newcount = other_count if count < other_count else count

             if newcount > 0:

                 result[elem] = newcount

         for elem, count in other.items():

             if elem not in self and count > 0:

                 result[elem] = count

         return result

     def __and__(self, other):

         ''' Intersection is the minimum of corresponding counts.

         >>> Counter('abbb') & Counter('bcc')

         Counter({'b': 1})

         '''

         if not isinstance(other, Counter):

             return NotImplemented

         result = Counter()

         for elem, count in self.items():

             other_count = other[elem]

             newcount = count if count < other_count else other_count

             if newcount > 0:

                 result[elem] = newcount

         return result

 Counter

 class OrderedDict(dict):

     'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'

     # An inherited dict maps keys to values.

     # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.

     # The remaining methods are order-aware.

     # Big-O running times for all methods are the same as regular dictionaries.

     # The internal self.__map dict maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.

     # The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.

     # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).

     # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].

     def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):

         '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  The signature is the same as

         regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended because

         their insertion order is arbitrary.

         '''

         if len(args) > 1:

             raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))

         try:

             self.__root

         except AttributeError:

             self.__root = root = []                     # sentinel node

             root[:] = [root, root, None]

             self.__map = {}

         self.__update(*args, **kwds)

     def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):

         'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'

         # Setting a new item creates a new link at the end of the linked list,

         # and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.

         if key not in self:

             root = self.__root

             last = root[0]

             last[1] = root[0] = self.__map[key] = [last, root, key]

         return dict_setitem(self, key, value)

     def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):

         'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'

         # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which gets

         # removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.

         dict_delitem(self, key)

         link_prev, link_next, _ = self.__map.pop(key)

         link_prev[1] = link_next                        # update link_prev[NEXT]

         link_next[0] = link_prev                        # update link_next[PREV]

     def __iter__(self):

         'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'

         # Traverse the linked list in order.

         root = self.__root

         curr = root[1]                                  # start at the first node

         while curr is not root:

             yield curr[2]                               # yield the curr[KEY]

             curr = curr[1]                              # move to next node

     def __reversed__(self):

         'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'

         # Traverse the linked list in reverse order.

         root = self.__root

         curr = root[0]                                  # start at the last node

         while curr is not root:

             yield curr[2]                               # yield the curr[KEY]

             curr = curr[0]                              # move to previous node

     def clear(self):

         'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'

         root = self.__root

         root[:] = [root, root, None]

         self.__map.clear()

         dict.clear(self)

     # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --

     def keys(self):

         'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'

         return list(self)

     def values(self):

         'od.values() -> list of values in od'

         return [self[key] for key in self]

     def items(self):

         'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'

         return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]

     def iterkeys(self):

         'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'

         return iter(self)

     def itervalues(self):

         'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'

         for k in self:

             yield self[k]

     def iteritems(self):

         'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) pairs in od'

         for k in self:

             yield (k, self[k])

     update = MutableMapping.update

     __update = update # let subclasses override update without breaking __init__

     __marker = object()

     def pop(self, key, default=__marker):

         '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding

         value.  If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError

         is raised.

         '''

         if key in self:

             result = self[key]

             del self[key]

             return result

         if default is self.__marker:

             raise KeyError(key)

         return default

     def setdefault(self, key, default=None):

         'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'

         if key in self:

             return self[key]

         self[key] = default

         return default

     def popitem(self, last=True):

         '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.

         Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.

         '''

         if not self:

             raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')

         key = next(reversed(self) if last else iter(self))

         value = self.pop(key)

         return key, value

     def __repr__(self, _repr_running={}):

         'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'

         call_key = id(self), _get_ident()

         if call_key in _repr_running:

             return '...'

         _repr_running[call_key] = 1

         try:

             if not self:

                 return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)

             return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())

         finally:

             del _repr_running[call_key]

     def __reduce__(self):

         'Return state information for pickling'

         items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]

         inst_dict = vars(self).copy()

         for k in vars(OrderedDict()):

             inst_dict.pop(k, None)

         if inst_dict:

             return (self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict)

         return self.__class__, (items,)

     def copy(self):

         'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'

         return self.__class__(self)

     @classmethod

     def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):

         '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S.

         If not specified, the value defaults to None.

         '''

         self = cls()

         for key in iterable:

             self[key] = value

         return self

     def __eq__(self, other):

         '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive

         while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.

         '''

         if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):

             return dict.__eq__(self, other) and all(_imap(_eq, self, other))

         return dict.__eq__(self, other)

     def __ne__(self, other):

         'od.__ne__(y) <==> od!=y'

         return not self == other

     # -- the following methods support python 3.x style dictionary views --

     def viewkeys(self):

         "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"

         return KeysView(self)

     def viewvalues(self):

         "od.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on od's values"

         return ValuesView(self)

     def viewitems(self):

         "od.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's items"

         return ItemsView(self)

 OrderedDict

 class defaultdict(dict):

     """

     defaultdict(default_factory[, ...]) --> dict with default factory

     The default factory is called without arguments to produce

     a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only.

     A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items.

     All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were

     passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments.

     """

     def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

         """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D. """

         pass

     def __copy__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

         """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D. """

         pass

     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """

         pass

     def __init__(self, default_factory=None, **kwargs): # known case of _collections.defaultdict.__init__

         """

         defaultdict(default_factory[, ...]) --> dict with default factory

         The default factory is called without arguments to produce

         a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only.

         A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items.

         All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were

         passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments.

         # (copied from class doc)

         """

         pass

     def __missing__(self, key): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

         """

         __missing__(key) # Called by __getitem__ for missing key; pseudo-code:

           if self.default_factory is None: raise KeyError((key,))

           self[key] = value = self.default_factory()

           return value

         """

         pass

     def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

         """ Return state information for pickling. """

         pass

     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """

         pass

     default_factory = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

     """Factory for default value called by __missing__()."""

 defaultdict

 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]

 my_dict = {}

 for value in  values:

     if value>66:

         if my_dict.has_key('k1'):

             my_dict['k1'].append(value)

         else:

             my_dict['k1'] = [value]

     else:

         if my_dict.has_key('k2'):

             my_dict['k2'].append(value)

         else:

             my_dict['k2'] = [value]

 from collections import defaultdict

 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]

 my_dict = defaultdict(list)

 for value in  values:

     if value>66:

         my_dict['k1'].append(value)

     else:

         my_dict['k2'].append(value)

 defaultdict字典解决方法

 默认字典

class Mytuple(__builtin__.tuple)

 |  Mytuple(x, y)

 |

 |  Method resolution order:

 |      Mytuple

 |      __builtin__.tuple

 |      __builtin__.object

 |

 |  Methods defined here:

 |

 |  __getnewargs__(self)

 |      Return self as a plain tuple.  Used by copy and pickle.

 |

 |  __getstate__(self)

 |      Exclude the OrderedDict from pickling

 |

 |  __repr__(self)

 |      Return a nicely formatted representation string

 |

 |  _asdict(self)

 |      Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values

 |

 |  _replace(_self, **kwds)

 |      Return a new Mytuple object replacing specified fields with new values

 |

 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 |  Class methods defined here:

 |

 |  _make(cls, iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object>, len=<built-in function len>) from __builtin__.type

 |      Make a new Mytuple object from a sequence or iterable

 |

 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 |  Static methods defined here:

 |

 |  __new__(_cls, x, y)

 |      Create new instance of Mytuple(x, y)

 |

 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 |  Data descriptors defined here:

 |

 |  __dict__

 |      Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values

 |

 |  x

 |      Alias for field number 0

 |

 |  y

 |      Alias for field number 1

 |

 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 |  Data and other attributes defined here:

 |

 |  _fields = ('x', 'y')

 |

 |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

 |  Methods inherited from __builtin__.tuple:

 |

 |  __add__(...)

 |      x.__add__(y) <==> x+y

 |

 |  __contains__(...)

 |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x

 |

 |  __eq__(...)

 |      x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y

 |

 |  __ge__(...)

 |      x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y

 |

 |  __getattribute__(...)

 |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name

 |

 |  __getitem__(...)

 |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]

 |

 |  __getslice__(...)

 |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]

 |

 |      Use of negative indices is not supported.

 |

 |  __gt__(...)

 |      x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y

 |

 |  __hash__(...)

 |      x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)

 |

 |  __iter__(...)

 |      x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)

 |

 |  __le__(...)

 |      x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y

 |

 |  __len__(...)

 |      x.__len__() <==> len(x)

 |

 |  __lt__(...)

 |      x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y

 |

 |  __mul__(...)

 |      x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n

 |

 |  __ne__(...)

 |      x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y

 |

 |  __rmul__(...)

 |      x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x

 |

 |  __sizeof__(...)

 |      T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes

 |

 |  count(...)

 |      T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value

 |

 |  index(...)

 |      T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.

 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

Mytuple

class deque(object):

    """

    deque([iterable[, maxlen]]) --> deque object

    Build an ordered collection with optimized access from its endpoints.

    """

    def append(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Add an element to the right side of the deque. """

        pass

    def appendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Add an element to the left side of the deque. """

        pass

    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Remove all elements from the deque. """

        pass

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ D.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """

        return 0

    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Extend the right side of the deque with elements from the iterable """

        pass

    def extendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Extend the left side of the deque with elements from the iterable """

        pass

    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Remove and return the rightmost element. """

        pass

    def popleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Remove and return the leftmost element. """

        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ D.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value. """

        pass

    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ D.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """

        pass

    def rotate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Rotate the deque n steps to the right (default n=1).  If n is negative, rotates left. """

        pass

    def __copy__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Return a shallow copy of a deque. """

        pass

    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """

        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """

        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """

        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """

        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """

        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """

        pass

    def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """

        pass

    def __init__(self, iterable=(), maxlen=None): # known case of _collections.deque.__init__

        """

        deque([iterable[, maxlen]]) --> deque object

        Build an ordered collection with optimized access from its endpoints.

        # (copied from class doc)

        """

        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """

        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """

        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """

        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """

        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__

    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """

        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """

        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Return state information for pickling. """

        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """

        pass

    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ D.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the deque """

        pass

    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """

        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        """ D.__sizeof__() -- size of D in memory, in bytes """

        pass

    maxlen = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    """maximum size of a deque or None if unbounded"""

    __hash__ = None

deque

deque

class Queue:

    """Create a queue object with a given maximum size.

    If maxsize is <= 0, the queue size is infinite.

    """

    def __init__(self, maxsize=0):

        self.maxsize = maxsize

        self._init(maxsize)

        # mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating.  All methods

        # that acquire mutex must release it before returning.  mutex

        # is shared between the three conditions, so acquiring and

        # releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.

        self.mutex = _threading.Lock()

        # Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a

        # thread waiting to get is notified then.

        self.not_empty = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)

        # Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;

        # a thread waiting to put is notified then.

        self.not_full = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)

        # Notify all_tasks_done whenever the number of unfinished tasks

        # drops to zero; thread waiting to join() is notified to resume

        self.all_tasks_done = _threading.Condition(self.mutex)

        self.unfinished_tasks = 0

    def task_done(self):

        """Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete.

        Used by Queue consumer threads.  For each get() used to fetch a task,

        a subsequent call to task_done() tells the queue that the processing

        on the task is complete.

        If a join() is currently blocking, it will resume when all items

        have been processed (meaning that a task_done() call was received

        for every item that had been put() into the queue).

        Raises a ValueError if called more times than there were items

        placed in the queue.

        """

        self.all_tasks_done.acquire()

        try:

            unfinished = self.unfinished_tasks - 1

            if unfinished <= 0:

                if unfinished < 0:

                    raise ValueError('task_done() called too many times')

                self.all_tasks_done.notify_all()

            self.unfinished_tasks = unfinished

        finally:

            self.all_tasks_done.release()

    def join(self):

        """Blocks until all items in the Queue have been gotten and processed.

        The count of unfinished tasks goes up whenever an item is added to the

        queue. The count goes down whenever a consumer thread calls task_done()

        to indicate the item was retrieved and all work on it is complete.

        When the count of unfinished tasks drops to zero, join() unblocks.

        """

        self.all_tasks_done.acquire()

        try:

            while self.unfinished_tasks:

                self.all_tasks_done.wait()

        finally:

            self.all_tasks_done.release()

    def qsize(self):

        """Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!)."""

        self.mutex.acquire()

        n = self._qsize()

        self.mutex.release()

        return n

    def empty(self):

        """Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not reliable!)."""

        self.mutex.acquire()

        n = not self._qsize()

        self.mutex.release()

        return n

    def full(self):

        """Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not reliable!)."""

        self.mutex.acquire()

        n = 0 < self.maxsize == self._qsize()

        self.mutex.release()

        return n

    def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):

        """Put an item into the queue.

        If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),

        block if necessary until a free slot is available. If 'timeout' is

        a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises

        the Full exception if no free slot was available within that time.

        Otherwise ('block' is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot

        is immediately available, else raise the Full exception ('timeout'

        is ignored in that case).

        """

        self.not_full.acquire()

        try:

            if self.maxsize > 0:

                if not block:

                    if self._qsize() == self.maxsize:

                        raise Full

                elif timeout is None:

                    while self._qsize() == self.maxsize:

                        self.not_full.wait()

                elif timeout < 0:

                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")

                else:

                    endtime = _time() + timeout

                    while self._qsize() == self.maxsize:

                        remaining = endtime - _time()

                        if remaining <= 0.0:

                            raise Full

                        self.not_full.wait(remaining)

            self._put(item)

            self.unfinished_tasks += 1

            self.not_empty.notify()

        finally:

            self.not_full.release()

    def put_nowait(self, item):

        """Put an item into the queue without blocking.

        Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.

        Otherwise raise the Full exception.

        """

        return self.put(item, False)

    def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):

        """Remove and return an item from the queue.

        If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default),

        block if necessary until an item is available. If 'timeout' is

        a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises

        the Empty exception if no item was available within that time.

        Otherwise ('block' is false), return an item if one is immediately

        available, else raise the Empty exception ('timeout' is ignored

        in that case).

        """

        self.not_empty.acquire()

        try:

            if not block:

                if not self._qsize():

                    raise Empty

            elif timeout is None:

                while not self._qsize():

                    self.not_empty.wait()

            elif timeout < 0:

                raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")

            else:

                endtime = _time() + timeout

                while not self._qsize():

                    remaining = endtime - _time()

                    if remaining <= 0.0:

                        raise Empty

                    self.not_empty.wait(remaining)

            item = self._get()

            self.not_full.notify()

            return item

        finally:

            self.not_empty.release()

    def get_nowait(self):

        """Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.

        Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise

        raise the Empty exception.

        """

        return self.get(False)

    # Override these methods to implement other queue organizations

    # (e.g. stack or priority queue).

    # These will only be called with appropriate locks held

    # Initialize the queue representation

    def _init(self, maxsize):

        self.queue = deque()

    def _qsize(self, len=len):

        return len(self.queue)

    # Put a new item in the queue

    def _put(self, item):

        self.queue.append(item)

    # Get an item from the queue

    def _get(self):

        return self.queue.popleft()

Queue.Queue

class file(object)

    def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        关闭文件

        """

        close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer.  Close the file.

        Sets data attribute .closed to True.  A closed file cannot be used for

        further I/O operations.  close() may be called more than once without

        error.  Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen())

        may return an exit status upon closing.

        """

    def fileno(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        文件描述符

         """

        fileno() -> integer "file descriptor".

        This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read().

        """

        return 0    

    def flush(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        刷新文件内部缓冲区

        """ flush() -> None.  Flush the internal I/O buffer. """

        pass

    def isatty(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        判断文件是否是同意tty设备

        """ isatty() -> true or false.  True if the file is connected to a tty device. """

        return False

    def next(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        获取下一行数据，不存在，则报错

        """ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration """

        pass

    def read(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        读取指定字节数据

        """

        read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.

        If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.

        Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested

        may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.

        """

        pass

    def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        读取到缓冲区，不要用，将被遗弃

        """ readinto() -> Undocumented.  Don't use this; it may go away. """

        pass

    def readline(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        仅读取一行数据

        """

        readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.

        Retain newline.  A non-negative size argument limits the maximum

        number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).

        Return an empty string at EOF.

        """

        pass

    def readlines(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        读取所有数据，并根据换行保存值列表

        """

        readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.

        Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.

        The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the

        total number of bytes in the lines returned.

        """

        return []

    def seek(self, offset, whence=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        指定文件中指针位置

        """

        seek(offset[, whence]) -> None.  Move to new file position.

        Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to

(offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1

        (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move

        relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow

        seeking beyond the end of a file).  If the file is opened in text mode,

        only offsets returned by tell() are legal.  Use of other offsets causes

        undefined behavior.

        Note that not all file objects are seekable.

        """

        pass

    def tell(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        获取当前指针位置

        """ tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). """

        pass

    def truncate(self, size=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        截断数据，仅保留指定之前数据

        """

        truncate([size]) -> None.  Truncate the file to at most size bytes.

        Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().

        """

        pass

    def write(self, p_str): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        写内容

        """

        write(str) -> None.  Write string str to file.

        Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before

        the file on disk reflects the data written.

        """

        pass

    def writelines(self, sequence_of_strings): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        将一个字符串列表写入文件

        """

        writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None.  Write the strings to the file.

        Note that newlines are not added.  The sequence can be any iterable object

        producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string.

        """

        pass

    def xreadlines(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__

        可用于逐行读取文件，非全部

        """

        xreadlines() -> returns self.

        For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance

        optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module.

        """

        pass

2.x

class TextIOWrapper(_TextIOBase):

    """

    Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.

    encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be

    decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False).

    errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see

    help(codecs.Codec) or the documentation for codecs.register) and

    defaults to "strict".

    newline controls how line endings are handled. It can be None, '',

    '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'.  It works as follows:

    * On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is

      enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and

      these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the

      caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line

      endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of

      the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given

      string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.

    * On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are

      translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If

      newline is '' or '\n', no translation takes place. If newline is any

      of the other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated

      to the given string.

    If line_buffering is True, a call to flush is implied when a call to

    write contains a newline character.

    """

    def close(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        关闭文件

        pass

    def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        文件描述符

        pass

    def flush(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        刷新文件内部缓冲区

        pass

    def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        判断文件是否是同意tty设备

        pass

    def read(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        读取指定字节数据

        pass

    def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        是否可读

        pass

    def readline(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        仅读取一行数据

        pass

    def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        指定文件中指针位置

        pass

    def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        指针是否可操作

        pass

    def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        获取指针位置

        pass

    def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        截断数据，仅保留指定之前数据

        pass

    def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        是否可写

        pass

    def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        写内容

        pass

    def __getstate__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        pass

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__

    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """

        pass

    def __next__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Implement next(self). """

        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown

        """ Return repr(self). """

        pass

    buffer = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    closed = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    encoding = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    errors = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    line_buffering = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    name = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    newlines = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    _CHUNK_SIZE = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

    _finalizing = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default

3.x

 def check_user(user) :

     with open('test.log','r',encoding='utf-8') as f :

         for line in f :

             user_list = line.strip()

             user_list = user_list.split('$')

             if user == user_list[0] :

                 return True

         return False

 def register(user,pwd) :

     with open('test.log','a',encoding='utf-8') as f :

         user_info = '\n' + user + '$' + pwd

         if f.write(user_info) :

             return True

     return False

 def login(user,pwd) :

     with open('test.log','r',encoding='utf-8') as f :

         for line in f:

             user_list = line.strip()

             user_list = user_list.split('$')

             if user == user_list[0] and pwd == user_list[1]:

                 return True

         return False

 def main() :

     print('welcome to my website')

     choice = input('1:login 2:register')

     if choice == '':

         user = input('input username :')

         pwd = input('input password : ')

         if check_user(user) :

             print('the username is exist')

         else:

             if register(user,pwd) :

                 print('register success')

             else:

                 print('register failed')

     elif choice == '':

         user = input('input username :')

         pwd = input('input password : ')

         if login(user,pwd) :

             print('login success')

         else:

             print('login failed')

 main()

digit = 0

case = 0

space = 0

other = 0

def func2(s) :

    global digit,case,space,other

    if not isinstance(s,basestring) :

        print('the data type wrong!')

        return False

    for i in s :

        if i.isdigit() :

            digit += 1

        elif i.isalpha() :

            case += 1

        elif i.isspace() :

            space += 1

        else:

            other += 1

s = 'I love python , is num 1 , o_k'

a = [1,2,3]

func2(s)

print(digit)

print(case)

print(space)

print(other)

########################################

1

18

8

3

问题：判断是不是字符串后直接退出函数，而不执行下面的代码？

def func3(v) :

    if len(v) > 5 :

        return True

    else:

        return False

a = 'I love python , is num 1 , o_k'

l = [1,2,3]

t = (5,7,9,10,45,10)

print(func3(t))

def func5(lis) :

    if len(lis) > 2 :

        return lis[0:2]

    else :

        return False

li = [1,2,3]

print(func5(li))

##########################################

[1, 2]

def func6(lis) :

    new_lis = []

    for k in range(len(lis)) :

        if k % 2 == 1 :

            new_lis.append(lis[k])

    return new_lis

li = [1,2,3,8,10,44,77]

tu = ('poe','andy','jet','bruce','jacky')

print(func6(tu))

##########################################

['andy', 'bruce']

def func7(d) :

    v = d.values()

    li = []

    for i in v :

        if len(i) > 2:

            li.append(i[0:2])

    return li

print(func7(dic))

##########################################

[[11, 22], 'v1']