一、定义

1、什么是HttpClient?在什么场景要用到HttpClient?

http协议可以说是现在Internet上面最重要,使用最多的协议之一了,越来越多的java应用需要使用http协议来访问网络资源,特别是现在rest api的流行,HttpClient 是 Apache Jakarta Common 下的子项目,用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持 HTTP 协议的客户端编程工具包,并且它支持 HTTP 协议最新的版本和建议。HttpClient 已经应用在很多的项目中,比如 Apache Jakarta 上很著名的另外两个开源项目 Cactus 和 HTMLUnit 都使用了 HttpClient,很多的java的爬虫也是通过HttpClient实现的,研究HttpClient对我们来说是非常重要的。

2、HttpClient不是浏览器

很多人觉得既然HttpClient是一个HTTP客户端编程工具,很多人把他当做浏览器来理解,但是其实HttpClient不是浏览器,它是一个HTTP通信库,因此它只提供一个通用浏览器应用程序所期望的功能子集,最根本的区别是HttpClient中没有用户界面,浏览器需要一个渲染引擎来显示页面,并解释用户输入,例如鼠标点击显示页面上的某处,有一个布局引擎,计算如何显示HTML页面,包括级联样式表和图像。javascript解释器运行嵌入HTML页面或从HTML页面引用的javascript代码。来自用户界面的事件被传递到javascript解释器进行处理。除此之外,还有用于插件的接口,可以处理Applet,嵌入式媒体对象(如pdf文件,Quicktime电影和Flash动画)或ActiveX控件(可以执行任何操作)。HttpClient只能以编程的方式通过其API用于传输和接受HTTP消息。HttpClient也是完全内容不可知的。

另一个主要区别是对错误输入或HTTP标准违规的容忍。 需要允许无效的用户输入,以使浏览器用户友好。 还需要对从服务器检索的畸形文档的容忍度,以及在执行协议时服务器行为的缺陷,使尽可能多的用户可访问的网站。 然而,HttpClient努力在默认情况下尽可能接近并遵守HTTP标准规范和相关标准。 它还提供了一些手段来放松规范所施加的一些限制,这些限制允许或要求与不兼容的HTTP源或代理服务器兼容。

3、HttpClient入门使用

注意这个版本主要是基于HttpClient4.5.2版本的来讲解的,也是现在最新的版本,之所以要提供版本说明的是因为HttpClient 3版本和HttpClient 4版本差别还是很多大的,基本HttpClient里面的接口都变了,你把HttpClient 3版本的代码拿到HttpClient 4上面都运行不起来,会报错的。所以这儿一定要注意,好了废话不多说了,开始。

4、依赖

<!--httpclient的接口基本都在这儿-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
<version>4.5</version>
</dependency>
<!--httpclient缓存-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpclient-cache</artifactId>
<version>4.5</version>
</dependency>
<!--http的mime类型都在这里面-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
<artifactId>httpmime</artifactId>
<version>4.5</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>commons-httpclient</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-httpclient</artifactId>
<version>3.1</version>
</dependency>

二、POST代码

1、工具类

package com.asd.reserve.utils.httpclient;

import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.*;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.PostMethod;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.StringRequestEntity;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.params.HttpClientParams;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.params.HttpMethodParams;
import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLDecoder;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map; /**
* 准备金系统
* HTTP处理工具
* Created by ZS on 2019/12/25
*/
public class HttpClientUtils {
/** 连接超时时间,毫秒 **/
private static final int connectionTimeout = 2000 * 1000;
private static final int RETRY_COUNT = 3;
private static final String CONTENT_TYPE = "text/xml";
private static final boolean SENT_RETRY = true;
/** 请求编码格式 **/
private static final String REQUEST_ENCODE = "GBK";
/** 返回编码格式 **/
private static final String RESPONSE_ENCODE = "GBK";
/** 读取数据超时时间,毫秒 **/
private static int soTimeout = 30000;
/** HttpClient对象 **/
private static CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom().disableAutomaticRetries().build();
/** 超时设置:设置请求和传输超时时间*/
private static RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setSocketTimeout(soTimeout).setConnectTimeout(connectionTimeout).build(); /**
* 读取request请求中的信息(数据封装方式为报文)
* @param request 请求
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
public static String getRequestMessage(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
// String requestUI = request.getRequestURI();
List ioList = IOUtils.readLines(request.getInputStream()); //从Request中读取请求报文
String clientIP = request.getRemoteHost();
String clientURL = request.getRequestURL().toString();
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
String id = (session != null) ? session.getId().toUpperCase() : "";
String infoPre = "[CommServer:" + id + "]";
System.out.println("服务器提示信息:" + infoPre + " Begin - IP: " + clientIP + "; URI: " + clientURL);
String message = message(ioList);
return message;
} /**
* 读取request请求中的信息(数据封装方式为报文),自定义编码格式
* @param request 请求
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
public static String getRequestMessage(HttpServletRequest request,String encoding) throws IOException {
// String requestUI = request.getRequestURI();
List ioList = IOUtils.readLines(request.getInputStream(), encoding);//从Request中读取请求报文
String clientIP = request.getRemoteHost();
String clientURL = request.getRequestURL().toString();
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
String id = (session != null) ? session.getId().toUpperCase() : "";
String infoPre = "[CommServer:" + id + "]";
System.out.println("服务器提示信息:" + infoPre + " Begin - IP: " + clientIP + "; URI: " + clientURL);
String message = message(ioList);
return message;
} public static String message(List ioList){
StringBuilder sb = null;
String message = null;
try{
sb = new StringBuilder(4096);
for (int i = 0; i < ioList.size(); ++i) {
sb.append(ioList.get(i));
}
message = sb.toString();
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
return message;
} /**
* 通过post发送请求
* @param url 发送的地址
* @param xmlString 发送的报文
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
public static String httpPostSend(String url, String xmlString) throws IOException,HttpException {
HttpClientParams httpClientParams = new HttpClientParams();
httpClientParams.setConnectionManagerTimeout(connectionTimeout);
httpClientParams.setSoTimeout(connectionTimeout);
MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager connectionManager = new MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager();
HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient(httpClientParams, connectionManager);
PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod(url); postMethod.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER,
new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler(RETRY_COUNT, SENT_RETRY));
String result = "";
// - 参数
postMethod.setRequestEntity(new StringRequestEntity(xmlString, CONTENT_TYPE, REQUEST_ENCODE));
postMethod.addRequestHeader("Connection", "close");
// - 执行
int statusCode = httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod);
// - 返回
// 判断是否链接url成功
if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
throw new HttpException("连接失败");
} else {
// 得到返回值
byte[] bodydata = postMethod.getResponseBody();
result = new String(bodydata, RESPONSE_ENCODE);
}
//postMethod.releaseConnection();
return result;
} /**
* HttpClient post发送请求
*@Author: zs on 2019/11/20 16:46
*@param: url:远程地址 addr:方法 json:请求参数json串
*@return:
*@Description:
*/
public static String httpPostSend(String url,String addr, String json) throws IOException,HttpException{ HttpClientParams httpClientParams = new HttpClientParams();
httpClientParams.setConnectionManagerTimeout(1000*3600);
httpClientParams.setSoTimeout(1000*3600);
MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager connectionManager = new MultiThreadedHttpConnectionManager();
HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient(httpClientParams, connectionManager);
long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod(url + addr);
//参数设置
//postMethod.setRequestBody(json);
postMethod.setRequestEntity(new StringRequestEntity(json, "application/json", "UTF-8"));
postMethod.addRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8");
postMethod.addRequestHeader("Referer", "123");
//执行
int statusCode = httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod);
long t = System.currentTimeMillis();
// - 返回
String response = "";
// 判断是否链接url成功
if (statusCode != HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
throw new HttpException("连接失败");
} else {
// 得到返回值
//String responseCharSet = postMethod.getResponseCharSet();
//response = postMethod.getResponseBodyAsString();
byte[] bodydata = postMethod.getResponseBody();
response = new String(bodydata, "UTF-8");
}
System.out.println("执行时长:" + (t - s) + "ms");
//释放资源
//postMethod.releaseConnection();
return response;
} /**
* post方式请求数据
* @param url 请求的完整地址
* @return JSONObject 结果
* @author zs
*/
public static String httpPostSend(String url){
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod(url);
String obj = null;
try {
int response = client.executeMethod(postMethod);
System.out.println("code:"+response);
if(200 == response){ //成功
String res = postMethod.getResponseBodyAsString();
obj = res;
}
} catch (HttpException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
postMethod.releaseConnection();
client.getHttpConnectionManager().closeIdleConnections(0);
}
return obj;
} /**
* 根据给定的URL地址和参数字符串,以post方法调用,如果成功返回true,如果失败返回false
* @param strURL String url地址,不含参数
* @param param Map<String, Object> 参数字表单
* @return boolean true-成功,false失败,如果返回成功可以getStrGetResponseBody()
* 获取返回内容字符串,如果失败,则可访问getErrorInfo()获取错误提示。
*/
public static String executePostMethod(String strURL, String param) {
System.out.println("step into executePostMethod");
String strResult = "";
HttpPost post = new HttpPost(strURL);
post.setConfig(requestConfig);
StringEntity entity;
try {
System.out.println("it is json");
entity = new StringEntity(param,"utf-8"); // 解决中文乱码问题
entity.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
entity.setContentType("application/json");
post.setEntity(entity);
/*try {
System.out.println("step into try"); if(isJson.isJson(param)){
System.out.println("it is json");
entity = new StringEntity(param,"utf-8"); // 解决中文乱码问题
entity.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
entity.setContentType("application/json");
post.setEntity(entity);
}else if(isJson.isXML(param)){
System.out.println("it is xml");
entity = new StringEntity(param,"utf-8"); // 解决中文乱码问题
entity.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
entity.setContentType("text/xml");
post.setEntity(entity);
}else{
entity = new StringEntity(param,"utf-8"); // 解决中文乱码问题
entity.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");
entity.setContentType("application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
post.setEntity(entity);
}*/ //发起请求
HttpResponse httpResponse = httpclient.execute(post);
// 请求结束,返回结果
strResult = EntityUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity());
System.out.println(strResult);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return strResult;
} /**
* java httpClient4.5 post请求
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static Map<String, Object> sendPost(String sendMsg, String sendUrl) {
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(sendUrl);
HttpClientBuilder httpClientBuilder = HttpClientBuilder.create();
CloseableHttpClient closeableHttpClient = httpClientBuilder.build();
StringEntity entity;
Map<String,Object> mres = new HashMap<String, Object>();
try {
entity = new StringEntity(sendMsg, "UTF-8"); //解决参数中文乱码问题
entity.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");//设置编码格式
entity.setContentType("application/json");
httpPost.setEntity(entity);
// 发起请求
HttpResponse httpResponse = closeableHttpClient.execute(httpPost);
// 请求结束,返回结果。并解析json。
String resData = EntityUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity(),"UTF-8");
mres = (Map<String, Object>) net.sf.json.JSONObject.toBean(net.sf.json.JSONObject.fromObject(resData), Map.class);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (null != closeableHttpClient) {
try {
closeableHttpClient.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
return mres;
} /**
* java原生HttpClient3.1 post请求
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static Map<String, Object> sendPost2(String sendMsg, String sendUrl) { Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>();
map.put("user_name", "lanqinger");
map.put("real_name", "蓝卿儿");
sendMsg = net.sf.json.JSONObject.fromObject(map).toString();
sendUrl = "http://localhost:8080/sm/test/getPostData.form"; HttpClient httpclient = null;
PostMethod post = null;
String info = "";
Map<String, Object> mres = new HashMap<String, Object>();
try {
httpclient = new HttpClient();
post = new PostMethod(sendUrl);
//解决中文乱码问题
post.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.HTTP_CONTENT_CHARSET, "UTF-8");
post.addParameter("info", sendMsg);
httpclient.executeMethod(post);
info = new String(post.getResponseBody(), "UTF-8");
mres = (Map<String, Object>) net.sf.json.JSONObject.toBean(net.sf.json.JSONObject.fromObject(info), Map.class);
} catch (Exception e) {
mres.put("status", "9999");
mres.put("message", "请求处理异常" + e.getMessage());
} finally {
// 关闭连接,释放资源
post.releaseConnection();
}
return mres;
}
}

2、接收请求

/**
*@Author: zs on 2019/11/26 17:16
*@param:
*@return:
*@Description:接收生成流量三角形的post请求
*/ //produces = { "application/json;charset=UTF-8" }用以解决接受的中文乱码
接收并返回请求信息:若不加上produces = { "application/json;charset=UTF-8" },则编码格式默认为ISO-8859-1,返
回到客户端,会中文乱码。

@RequestMapping(value = "getFlowTriangle",produces = { "application/json;charset=UTF-8" })
@ResponseBody
public String createFtgData(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
System.out.println(request.getCharacterEncoding());
String referer = request.getHeader("Referer");
String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();
String requestURL = request.getRequestURL().toString();
String remoteHost = request.getRemoteHost();
String forwarded = request.getHeader("x-forwarded-for");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(request.getInputStream(),"utf-8"));
String line = null;
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
while((line = br.readLine())!=null){
sb.append(line);
}
JSONObject jsonObject = JSONObject.parseObject(sb.toString());
Object object = jsonObject.get("assessDate");
String status = "{\"status\":\"生成成功\"}";
return status;
}

三、GET请求

2.1.抓取网页的内容并打印到控制台的demo

先直接贴代码:

package fangdd.HttpClientDemo;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.Locale; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; public classHttpGetNewSample{ public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
String url="http://www.baidu.com"; //1.使用默认的配置的httpclient
CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.createDefault();
//2.使用get方法
HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url);
InputStream inputStream = null;
CloseableHttpResponse response = null; try {
//3.执行请求,获取响应
response = client.execute(httpGet); //看请求是否成功,这儿打印的是http状态码
System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());
//4.获取响应的实体内容,就是我们所要抓取得网页内容
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); //5.将其打印到控制台上面
//方法一:使用EntityUtils
if (entity != null) {
System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"));
}
EntityUtils.consume(entity); //方法二 :使用inputStream
/* if (entity != null) {
inputStream = entity.getContent(); BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream));
String line = "";
while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line); }
}*/ } catch (UnsupportedOperationException | IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
try {
inputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (response != null) {
try {
response.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
} } } }

2.2HttpClient编写程序流程总结

其实从上面我们就可以总结出使用HttpClient其实分为6个步骤

1.创建HttpClient对象

这儿使用的是org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient,他是HttpClient接口的一个实例,创建该对象的最简单方法是CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.createDefault();

HttpClients是创建CloseableHttpClient的工厂,采用默认的配置来创建实例,一般情况下我们就用这个默认的实例就足够,后面我们可以去看下怎么定制自己需求配置的来创建HttpClient接口的实例。如果你去看这个函数的源代码,你可以看到org.apache.http.client.CookieStore,org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig等等都是采用默认的。后面我们会专门有篇博客探讨怎么根据自己的需求定制httpclient。

2.创建某种请求方法的实例

创建某种请求的实例,并指定请求的url,如果是get请求,创建对象HttpGet,如果是post 请求,创建对象HttpPost。类型的还有 HttpHead, HttpPost, HttpPut, HttpDelete, HttpTrace, 还有 HttpOptions。分别对应HEAD、POST PUT、DELETE、TRACE、OPTIONS方法,每个方法是做什么的如下表:

方法 描述 是否包含主体
GET 从服务器获取一份文档
HEAD 只从服务器获取文档的首部
POST 向服务器发送需要处理的数据
PUT 将请求的主体部分存储在服务器上
TRACE 对可能经过代理服务器传送到服务器上去的报文进行追踪
OPTIONS  决定可以在服务器上执行哪些方法
DELETE 从服务器上删除一份文档

可以看得到在Http协议中,只有post方法和put方法的请求里面有实体

3.如果有请求参数的话,Get方法直接写在url后面,例如

HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(
“http://www.google.com/search?hl=zh-CN&q=httpclient&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=”);

或者使用setParameter来设置参数

URI uri = new URIBuilder()
.setScheme(“http”)
.setHost(“www.google.com”)
.setPath(“/ search”)
.setParameter(“q”,“httpclient”)
.setParameter(“btnG”,“Google搜索”)
.setParameter(“aq”,“f”)
.setParameter(“oq”,“”)
。建立();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(uri);
System.out.println(httpget.getURI());

stdout>

http://www.google.com/search?q=httpclient&btnG=Google+Search&aq=f&oq=

post方法用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法来设置请求参数。

后面会详细的探讨Entity这个东西,专门会有一篇博客的,这儿就不在赘叙。

4.发送请求。

调用CloseableHttpClient对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)发送请求,该方法返回一个CloseableHttpResponse对象。

CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(post);,很明显CloseableHttpResponse就是用了处理返回数据的实体,通过它我们可以拿到返回的状态码、首部、实体等等我们需要的东西。

5.获取请求结果。

调用CloseableHttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可获取服务器的响应头;调用CloseableHttpResponse的getEntity()方法可获取HttpEntity对象,该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容。

 HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
//5.将其打印到显示器上面
//方法一:使用EntityUtils
/*
if(entity!=null)
{
System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8"));
} EntityUtils.consume(entity)
*/
//方法二
InputStream inputStream = entity.getContent(); BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream));
String line = "";
while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line); }

通过CloseableHttpEntity的getEntity取得实体之后,有两种处理结果的方法,

方法一:使用EntityUtils来处理。

该类是官方提供的一个处理实体的工具类,toSting方法将返回的实体转换为字符串,但是官网不建议使用这个,除非响应实体从一个可信HTTP服务器发起和已知是有限长度的。

方法二:使用InputStream来读取

       因为httpEntity.getContent方法返回的就是InputStream类型。这种方法是官网推荐的方式,需要记得的是要自己释放底层资源。

6.关闭连接,释放资源。

如果是使用EntityUtils来处理实体的使用    EntityUtils.consume(entity)来释放资源,可以看得到该函数源码为:

 publicstaticvoidconsume(final HttpEntity entity)throws IOException {
if (entity == null) {
return;
}
if (entity.isStreaming()) {
final InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
if (instream != null) {
instream.close();
}
}
}

其实还是通过关闭inputStream,然后最后我们再关闭CloseableHttpResponse就可以了

如果是使用InputStream来处理实体的,释放代码如下

CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(“http:// localhost /”);
CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
try{
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
if(entity!= null){
InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
try{
//做一些有用的事情
} finally {
intream.close();
}}
}}
} finally {
response.close();
}}

关闭内容流和关闭响应之间的区别是:前者将尝试通过消耗实体内容来保持底层连接活动,而后者立即关闭并丢弃连接

GET方式参考自链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/LuckyBao/p/6096145.html并没有测试。

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