<!doctype html>day16 - 博客

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Python学习day16-模块基础

模块的四种形式

模块的本质其实就是一个py文件,该文件里有很多写好的函数和特殊的规则。模块常见的四种形式如下:

  1. 自定义模块,也就是我们自己写的模块,通过导入该文件可以调用里面的函数。
  2. 第三方模块,是通过cmd窗口用pip install安装的第三方模块,其实也是别人写好的模块,比我们自己临时写的功能更完备更系统。
  3. 内置模块:python解释器启动的时候就自带的模块,不需要额外导入或者安装,直接就可以使用。
  4. 包:包通常是指含有__init__.py的文件夹,整个文件夹就叫做包,是一种比较特殊的模块。

import和from…import

其实我们大致可以把整个Python看成是一个手机,而pip就是手机的应用中心,(苹果的App Store),而模块就相当于通过应用中心安装的程序。import和from…import就是用来导入这些模块的。

  • import期间发生的事情(假设导入time模块)

    1. 生成一个名为time的名称空间
    2. 运行导入的time.py文件,然后把time.py文件内的名称空间放入生成的新的名为time的名称空间内
    3. 把time的名称空间导入import(当前导入time模块的文件)的名称空间内,之后我们就可以通过调用time的内置方法的方式来调用该模块里的函数。
     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    3
     
     
     
     
    1
    import time 
    2
    print(time.time())
    3
    # 调用的时候需要先写模块名字,然后.出来所用方法
     
     
  • from…import期间发生的事:(用导入time模块的gmtime函数来举例)

    1. 同样是生成一个叫做time的名称空间
    2. 运行time.py文件,然后把time.py内的名称空间放入time的名称空间内。可以说前两步和import完全一样,不同点在第三步。
    3. 把time名称空间内的gmtime方法指向from…import(当前导入的模块)的名称空间,也就是说只是把gmtime的指向变了,并没有把time内全部的方法导入进来。
     
     
     
    xxxxxxxxxx
    12
     
     
     
     
    1
    from time import gmtime
    2
    print(gmtime())
    3
    # 用from...import导入的函数调用时候不必加模块名就可以直接调用,更加方便,但是也会产生函数名重复的问题。
    4
    # 另外还有
    5
    from time import *
    6
    # 上述导入就是导入的time里面所有的函数,或者说所有的方法,虽然调用时候比较方便,但是不推荐这种做法,因为一次性导入函数过多会导致调用时候函数名发生冲突。
    7
    8
    # 其实有一种解决办法,就是解决导入* 的方法
    9
    # 在time.py文件里写入__all__,其功能就是在用from time import *时会限制,只会导入__all__里面有的函数,别的函数并不会导入到当前文件夹内
    10
    __all__ = ['time','gmtime']
    11
    gmtime()
    12
    time()
     
     

    总结下来两者导入的异同就是:

    相同点:

    1. 两者都会执行导入的模块文件,并产生同名的模块名称空间
    2. 两者调用模块内函数的时候,都需要跑的定义的时候寻找作用于关系,与其调用的位置无关。

    不同点:

    1. import需要加前缀,也就是模块名,from…import不需要加前缀

循环导入

循环导入其实就是两个模块相互导入,其实这是一种非常不好的导入方式,很容易造成程序报错和变量定义找不到,所以尽量不要使用,但是如果遇到,知道解决方法即可。比如以下示例:

 
 
 
xxxxxxxxxx
4
 
 
 
 
1
# m1.py
2
from m2 import x
3
y = 20
4
print(x)
 
 
 
 
 
xxxxxxxxxx
4
 
 
 
 
1
# m2.py
2
from m1 import y
3
x = 10
4
print(y)
 
 

两个文件无论运行哪个都会报错,如果运行m1.py,会报:

ImportError: cannot import name 'x'

如果运行m2.py,会报:

ImportError: cannot import name 'y'

这里提供一种比较好的解决方案,但实际上即便这样,整个模块文件看起来还是不舒服。

 
 
 
x
 
 
 
 
1
# m1.py
2
def func():
3
from m2 import x
4
print(x)
5
y = 20
6
 
 
 
 
 
x
 
 
 
 
1
# m2.py
2
def func1():
3
from m1 import y
4
print(y)
5
6
7
x = 10
8
 
 

这样文件执行下来就不会报错,但是把导入语句放在函数里总觉的哪里怪怪的,所以大家以后不要写这种循环导入就好了,没有特别实际的意义。

模块的搜索路径

前面我知道,模块其实就是一个py文件,所以要导入模块的时候我们一定要能找到这个模块的路径,通常情况下模块会和执行文件在同一个文件夹下,但是如果不在同一个文件夹,我们就需要执行模块的路径。

导入模块的时候查找模块的顺序:

  1. 先从内存中已经导入的模块寻找
  2. 然后寻找内置的模块
  3. 最后从环境变量给定的地址中寻找,即sys.path中寻找
 
 
 
xxxxxxxxxx
1
 
 
 
 
1
import sys
2
print(sys.path)
3
4
# 结果为:
5
['D:\\Python学习\\day16', 'D:\\Python学习', 'D:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\Shared\\Python36_64\\python36.zip', 'D:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\Shared\\Python36_64\\DLLs', 'D:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\Shared\\Python36_64\\lib', 'D:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\Shared\\Python36_64', 'D:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\Shared\\Python36_64\\lib\\site-packages', 'D:\\Program Files\\JetBrains\\PyCharm 2018.1.4\\helpers\\pycharm_matplotlib_backend']
6
7
8
# 其中的第一个路径即为当前执行文件夹的路径
 
 

Python文件的两种用途

Python文件的两种主要用途如下:

  1. 脚本,也可以说是执行文件,一个文件就是整个程序,用来被执行

  2. 模块,文件中存放着一堆功能,用来被导入使用

    两种用途是相对的,不是绝对的,也就是说一个文件,如果用来执行,那么他就是脚本,也就是执行文件,如果是用来作为模块导入使用的话,那么他就是模块。

还有一个我们在大佬们的程序中通常能看到的东西

 
 
 
x
 
 
 
 
1
# m1.py
2
if __name__ =‘__main__’:
3
    pass
 
 

一般在一些大的项目的执行文件里第一句都会是这个,这句话其实就是个判断,判断当前文件是执行文件还是模块文件。比如在m1.py中写入这两行代码。

当m1被当做执行文件运行时,__name__ ='__main__'

当m1被当做模块导入的时候,__name__ =m1

所以当判断当前文件是执行文件的时候项目才会运行,也就是为什么一些大的项目的执行文件第一句话会是这个判断。

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