Requests模块

Python标准库中提供了：urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。

它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装;

从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得方便了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

GET请求

# 1、无参数实例

import requests

ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')

print(ret.url)
print(ret.text) 

# 2、有参数实例 
import requests payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) 
print(ret.url) 
print(ret.text)

POST请求

# 1、基本POST实例

import requests

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

print(ret.text)

# 2、发送请求头和数据实例

import requests

import json

url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'

payload = {'some': 'data'}

headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}

ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)

print(ret.text)print(ret.cookies)

其他请求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)

requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)

requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.head(url, **kwargs)

requests.delete(url, **kwargs)

requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.options(url, **kwargs)

# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建

requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

更多参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):

    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.

    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.

    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.

    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.

    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.

        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``

        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string

        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers

        to add for the file.

    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.

    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data

        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read

        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.

    :type timeout: float or tuple

    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.

    :type allow_redirects: bool

    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.

    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.

    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.

    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.

    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object

    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests

      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')

      <Response [200]>

    """

参数列表

def param_method_url():

    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')

    pass

def param_param():

    # - 可以是字典

    # - 可以是字符串

    # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 错误

    # requests.request(method='get',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    pass

def param_data():

    # 可以是字典

    # 可以是字符串

    # 可以是字节

    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"

    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",

    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4

    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

    # )

    pass

def param_json():

    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)

    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

def param_headers():

    # 发送请求头到服务器端

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},

                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

                     )

def param_cookies():

    # 发送Cookie到服务器端

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},

                     )

    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）

    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar

    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()

    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,

                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,

                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)

                   )

    requests.request(method='POST',

                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                     cookies=obj)

def param_files():

    # 发送文件

    # file_dict = {

    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名

    # file_dict = {

    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名

    # file_dict = {

    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名

    # file_dict = {

    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})

    # }

    # requests.request(method='POST',

    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass

def param_auth():

    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))

    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',

    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))

    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'

    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))

    # print(ret)

    #

def param_timeout():

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)

    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))

    # print(ret)

    pass

def param_allow_redirects():

    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)

    print(ret.text)

def param_proxies():

    # proxies = {

    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",

    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",

    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)

    # print(ret.headers)

    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth

    #

    # proxyDict = {

    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',

    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'

    # }

    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')

    #

    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)

    # print(r.text)

    pass

def param_stream():

    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)

    print(ret.content)

    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing

    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:

    # # 在此处理响应。

    # for i in r.iter_content():

    # print(i)

def requests_session():

    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权

    i2 = session.post(

        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",

        data={

            'phone': "",

            'password': "xxxxxx",

            'oneMonth': ""

        }

    )

    i3 = session.post(

        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",

    )

    print(i3.text)

参数示例

使用示例

巴特西

Python爬虫之-Requests

Requests模块

GET请求

POST请求

其他请求

更多参数

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