mysql物理备份基本操作

Ⅰ、xtrabackup介绍

xtrabackup只能备份innodb引擎的数据,不能备份表结构,percona开源的,强烈推荐最新版本(旧版本bug多)
innobackupex可以备份myisam和innodb两种引擎的数据和表结构,一般用这个
备份时,默认读取MySQL配置文件(datadir)

Ⅱ、xtrabackup安装使用

2.1 安装

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# yum install perl-DBD-MySQL

不安装这个备份会报错：Failed to connect to MySQL server: DBI connect

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# cd /usr/local/src

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# wget https://www.percona.com/downloads/XtraBackup/Percona-XtraBackup-2.4.7/binary/tarball/percona-xtrabackup-2.4.7-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# tar zxvf percona-xtrabackup-2.4.7-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz -C ..

添加环境变量

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# cd ..

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# ln -s percona-xtrabackup-2.4.7-Linux-x86_64/ xtrabackup

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# echo "PATH=/usr/local/xtrabackup/bin:$PATH" >> /etc/profile

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# source /etc/profile

2.2 玩一手

[root@VM_0_5_centos src]# innobackupex --compress --compress-threads=8 --stream=xbstream -S /tmp/mysql.sock --parallel=4  /data/backup/ > /data/backup/backup.xbstream

建议用-S连接,默认走socket,不用-S可能报连不上

常用参数：throttle

指定备份时用到的iops是多少,限制速度

8个压缩线程,4个备份线程

输出内容（简化）

180122 19:47:53 innobackupex: Starting the backup operation

IMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.

           At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex

           prints "completed OK!".

180122 19:47:53  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup;mysql_socket=/tmp/mysql.sock' as 'root'  (using password: YES).

180122 19:47:53  version_check Connected to MySQL server

180122 19:47:53  version_check Executing a version check against the server...

180122 19:47:53  version_check Done.

180122 19:47:53 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: root, password: set, port: not set, socket: /tmp/mysql.sock

Using server version 5.7.20-log

innobackupex version 2.4.7 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 05f1fcf)

xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().

# 连接数据库并做两次版本检查

xtrabackup: cd to /mdata/mysql_test_data

xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 100001

xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:

xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .

xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend

xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./

xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2

xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 50331648

InnoDB: Number of pools: 1

180122 19:47:53 >> log scanned up to (10304795)

# 读取配置文件,寻找对应的文件及日志位置

xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespaces

InnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 51 for dump_test/dump_inno, old maximum was 0

xtrabackup: Starting 4 threads for parallel data files transfer

180122 19:47:53 [04] Compressing and streaming ./ibdata1

180122 19:47:53 [03] Compressing and streaming ./dump_test/dump_inno.ibd

180122 19:47:53 [03]        ...done

180122 19:47:53 [03] Compressing and streaming ./test/test.ibd

180122 19:47:53 [02] Compressing and streaming ./test/sbtest1.ibd

180122 19:47:53 [03]        ...done

...

180122 19:47:54 >> log scanned up to (10304795)

180122 19:47:54 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG TABLES...

180122 19:47:54 Executing FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK...

180122 19:47:54 Starting to backup non-InnoDB tables and files

180122 19:47:54 [01] Compressing and streaming ./dump_test/dump_inno.frm to <STDOUT>

180122 19:47:54 [01]        ...done

180122 19:47:54 [01] Compressing and streaming ./dump_test/db.opt to <STDOUT>

180122 19:47:54 [01]        ...done

...

180122 19:47:55 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files

# 拷贝数据

180122 19:47:55 [00] Compressing and streaming xtrabackup_binlog_info

180122 19:47:55 [00]        ...done

# 获取二进制文件日志点

180122 19:47:55 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...

xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '10304786'

180122 19:47:55 >> log scanned up to (10304795)

xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.

180122 19:47:55 Executing UNLOCK TABLES

180122 19:47:55 All tables unlocked

# 停止拷贝,释放锁

180122 19:47:55 [00] Compressing and streaming ib_buffer_pool to <STDOUT>

180122 19:47:55 [00]        ...done

180122 19:47:55 Backup created in directory '/data/backup'

MySQL binlog position: filename 'bin.000006', position '154'

180122 19:47:55 [00] Compressing and streaming backup-my.cnf

180122 19:47:55 [00]        ...done

180122 19:47:55 [00] Compressing and streaming xtrabackup_info

180122 19:47:55 [00]        ...done

xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (10304786) to (10304795) was copied.

180122 19:47:55 completed OK!

180122 19:47:55 [00]        ...done

180122 19:47:55 Backup created in directory '/data/backup'

MySQL binlog position: filename 'bin.000006', position '154'

180122 19:47:55 [00] Compressing and streaming backup-my.cnf

180122 19:47:55 [00]        ...done

180122 19:47:55 [00] Compressing and streaming xtrabackup_info

180122 19:47:55 [00]        ...done

xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (10304786) to (10304795) was copied.

180122 19:47:55 completed OK!

# 生成各种文件,备份结束

Ⅲ、xtrabackup原理分析

xtrabackup全备步骤

-	操作	解析
step1	Connecting to MySQL server host	连接登录
step2	using the following InnoDB configuration	读相关配置文件
step3	start xtrabackup_log	启用日志文件,记录redo的lsn,同时持续扫描redo log,将新产生的redo拷贝到xtrabackup_logfile
step4	copy innodb tables .ibd、.ibdata1、undo logs	拷贝innodb表的独立表空间、共享表空间、undo日志
step5	flush no_write_to_binlog tables、flush tables with read lock	强制将commit log刷入redo防止数据丢失(5.6之前没有),锁表
step6	copy non-innodb tables .MYD、.MYI、.opt、misc files和innodb tables .frm、.opt、misc files	拷贝myisam表相关内容和innodb表的表结构文件
step7	Get binary log position	获取二进制日志位置点,写入到xtrabackup_binlog_info文件
step8	flush no_write_to_binlog engine logs	将redo刷盘
step9	stopping log copying thread	停止拷贝
step10	unlock tables	释放锁
step11	completed OK	生成各种文件,备份结束

tips：

①简单点说：一个线程备份redo,贯穿整个过程始终,另外的线程备份表空间文件,直到completed OK,备份成功

②5.6之前的xtrabackup有丢数据的风险,强烈建议使用最新版本

③和mysqldump、mydumper相比,xtrabackup备份的是结束时间点的数据(二进制文件位置点不一样),所以物理备份除了本身恢复块之外,同步也快,因为不用拉数据,做一个一小时的备份,逻辑备份需要做一个小时的数据同步,物理备份不需要

④备份过程中遇到myisam还是会阻塞,数据一致性需求

Ⅳ、xtrabackup备份恢复

4.1 查看备份文件

由于我这里用的是流文件的方式备份的,所以要先打开流文件

[root@VM_0_5_centos backup]# xbstream -x < backup.xbstream

[root@VM_0_5_centos backup]# ll

total 2792

drwxr-x--- 2 root root    4096 Jan 23 15:52 abc

-rw-r----- 1 root root     417 Jan 23 15:52 backup-my.cnf.qp

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1822257 Jan 23 15:51 backup.xbstream

drwxr-x--- 2 root root    4096 Jan 23 15:52 dump_test

-rw-r----- 1 root root     370 Jan 23 15:52 ib_buffer_pool.qp

-rw-r----- 1 root root  969374 Jan 23 15:52 ibdata1.qp

drwxr-x--- 2 root root    4096 Jan 23 15:52 mysql

drwxr-x--- 2 root root    4096 Jan 23 15:52 performance_schema

drwxr-x--- 2 root root   12288 Jan 23 15:52 sys

drwxr-x--- 2 root root    4096 Jan 23 15:52 test

-rw-r----- 1 root root     102 Jan 23 15:52 xtrabackup_binlog_info.qp

-rw-r----- 1 root root     115 Jan 23 15:52 xtrabackup_checkpoints

-rw-r----- 1 root root     494 Jan 23 15:52 xtrabackup_info.qp

-rw-r----- 1 root root     391 Jan 23 15:52 xtrabackup_logfile.qp

看到很多qp文件,是因为备份时做了压缩,我们需要将其解压

[root@VM_0_5_centos backup]# for f in `find ./ -iname "*\.qp"`; do qpress -dT4 $f  $(dirname $f) && rm -f $f; done

[root@VM_0_5_centos backup]# ll

total 14152

drwxr-x--- 2 root root     4096 Jan 23 15:55 abc

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root      427 Jan 23 15:55 backup-my.cnf

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  1822257 Jan 23 15:51 backup.xbstream

drwxr-x--- 2 root root     4096 Jan 23 15:55 dump_test

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root      413 Jan 23 15:55 ib_buffer_pool

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12582912 Jan 23 15:55 ibdata1

drwxr-x--- 2 root root     4096 Jan 23 15:55 mysql

drwxr-x--- 2 root root    12288 Jan 23 15:55 performance_schema

drwxr-x--- 2 root root    12288 Jan 23 15:55 sys

drwxr-x--- 2 root root     4096 Jan 23 15:55 test

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       15 Jan 23 15:55 xtrabackup_binlog_info

-rw-r----- 1 root root      115 Jan 23 15:52 xtrabackup_checkpoints

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root      521 Jan 23 15:55 xtrabackup_info

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     2560 Jan 23 15:55 xtrabackup_logfile

可以看到,除了备份表空间等,还生成了4个文件

看下4个文件

[root@VM_0_5_centos backup]# cat xtrabackup_binlog_info           # 记录binlog文件名和position

bin.000006	154

------

[root@VM_0_5_centos backup]# cat xtrabackup_checkpoints           # 记录备份过程中checkpoint、lsn信息

backup_type = full-backuped

from_lsn = 0

to_lsn = 10304786

last_lsn = 10304795

compact = 0

recover_binlog_info = 0

------

[root@VM_0_5_centos backup]# cat xtrabackup_info                  # 整个备份过程中的信息

uuid = 48febc78-0012-11e8-b724-525400a4dac1

name =

tool_name = innobackupex

tool_command = --compress --compress-threads=8 --stream=xbstream -S /tmp/mysql.sock --parallel=4 ./

tool_version = 2.4.7

ibbackup_version = 2.4.7

server_version = 5.7.20-log

start_time = 2018-01-23 15:51:51

end_time = 2018-01-23 15:51:56

lock_time = 0

binlog_pos = filename 'bin.000006', position '154'

innodb_from_lsn = 0

innodb_to_lsn = 10304786

partial = N

incremental = N

format = xbstream

compact = N

compressed = compressed

encrypted = N

------

xtrabackup_logfile                                                # 持续备份的redo,直接看不了

4.2 恢复一手瞅瞅

step1: 应用日志,将backup恢复

[root@VM_0_5_centos mdata]# innobackupex --apply-log backup

step2：将恢复好的数据拷贝到datadir,直接move也行

[root@VM_0_5_centos mdata]# innobackupex --copy-back backup

step3：修改文件属主

[root@VM_0_5_centos mdata]# chown -R mysql:mysql mysql_test_data

step4：启动数据库

/etc/init.d/mysql.server start

Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

tips：

日志应用完成后,backup文件中会多出一个文件：xtrabackup_binlog_pos_innodb,记录的是用于innodb的binlog的当前position,而xtrabackup_binlog_info记录的是整个实例当前的binlog position
般情况下,这两个位置点是一样的,但备份时两种引擎都存在时,则有可能出现xtrabackup_binlog_info.pos > xtrabackup_binlog_pos_innodb.pos
所以我们一般用xtrabackup_binlog_info中的binlog position

Ⅴ、其他相关问题

5.1 增量备份

--incremental-history-name=name 可使用改参数做增量备份

但非常不建议用这个增量备份功能,性能特别差

若昨天全备100G,今天更新了30G,做增量要扫描100G文件才知道哪些页改动了,再去备份,线上很难接受

percona有个参数可以监控哪些页改动了,所以不用去扫之前的所有备份的表空间,但用的也比较少

要做增量,用二进制日志的机制来做即可

5.2 指定库表备份

同样不推荐这种玩法,强烈建议完整备份

如果实例使用的是共享表空间(ibdata),不完整备份的话,可能会遇到各种问题

比如备份了a库,没备份b库,用这个备份恢复后在b库下面创建一个和之前同名的表就创建不了

5.3 远程备份

innobackupex --compress --compress-threads=8 --stream=xbstream --user=root --parallel=4 ./ | ssh root@192.168.1.192 "xbstream -x -C /data/www/mysql/backup"

巴特西