rpm可以实现程序的快速,简单安装(跟编译安装比),但是rpm自己不能解决依赖,所以很多工具为了自动解决依赖应运而生,其中yum就是其中之一。

yum解决依赖的办法:

  • 必须有个文件服务器,里面放置所以的rpm包,以及包的相关元数据(-qi,-qR得到的数据)。元数据可以使用createrepo来创建。并放置在repodata目录下。

    这个文件服务器可以使用ftp,http,nfs协议来传输数据,也可以使用file:///(本地服务)。

  • 客户端使用yum程序,安装程序包。安装时,查询文件服务器,自己从文件服务器找依赖,并安装。

yum是一个程序,查看本机是否安装了yum:

# rpm -q yum
yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch

查看yum程序所使用的配置文件:

/etc/yum.conf是主配置文件,它里面引用了目录/etc/yum.repos.d/,所以/etc/yum.repos.d/目录下的*.repo也是yum的配置文件.它提供了所以仓库的公共配置。

实现了把配置文件分割成了许多独立的小的配置文件。

/etc/yum.repos.d/目录下的*.repo:为仓库的指向提供配置信息。

# rpm -qc yum
/etc/logrotate.d/yum#log用
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/yum/version-groups.conf#版本控制

/etc/yum.conf内容:

[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release # This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
# It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m # PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d

[main]:主配置,相当于程序的指向入口

cachedir:缓存路径

keepcache:是否保持缓存

debuglevel:调试级别

logfile:日志文件

exactarch:是否做精确匹配。如果OS是centos7,当找到的rpm包,既有centos6的也有centos7的,如果此处的值是1,则选择centos7的。

gpgcheck:安装时,是否检查完整性和来源合法性。1则检查

plugins:yum是否支持插件。1则支持

使用whatis查看是否有man帮助。

# whatis yum.conf
yum.conf (5) - Configuration file for yum(8).

使用:man 5 yum.conf可以得到详细的yum.conf配置文件的详细帮助。

仓库指向的定义

  • [repositoryid]:仓库的id

  • name=仓库的名字

  • baseurl=url://path/to/repository/:仓库在哪里,地址可以有多个,那么选哪个呢?根据failovermethod选。

    baseurl=url://server1/path/to/repository/

​ url://server2/path/to/repository/

url://server3/path/to/repository/

  • failovermethod={roundrobin|priority}。默认为roundrobin,意味随机选一个url
  • gpgcheck={1|0}:1则检查。默认是1.
  • enabled={1|0}:是否使用此repo
  • gpgkey=URL:公钥
  • enablegroups={1|0}:1则使用组功能。默认是1.
  • const=默认是1000.有多个符合就选cost小的。

centos7下/etc/yum.repos.d/下的repo配置文件有几个,只有CentOS-Base.repo文件里repo的enabled是1,也就是可以使用状态,其余的配置文件里的repo的enabled都是0.

# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo
CentOS-Base.repo_20191129 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo

查看配置文件:/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo的内容。

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 #released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 #additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 #additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

指定baseurl的技巧:指到repodata所在的网页的URL。

上面的updates的baseurl的值就是下图的网页地址栏的URL。理由是repodata在这里。

查看repo list:

# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
!base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base 10,097
!extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras 323
!updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates 1,446
repolist: 11,866

repo id:

repo name:是配置文件/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo里的name的值

status:这个repo里的rmp包的数量。

yum命令介绍

yum [options][command] [package ...]

  • 显示repo(仓库)列表(list):repolist [all|enabled|disabled]

    • all:显示全部
    • enabled:显示可用的。默认值。就是本地repo配置文件里enabled=1的repo会显示出来。
    • disabled:显示不可用的。就是本地repo配置文件里enabled=0的repo会显示出来。
    # yum repolist all
    # yum repolist enabled
    # yum repolist disabled
  • 显示指定repo里有哪些rpm包:yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]

    显示所有的包:

    # yum list

    可以使用glob_exp。

    显示内容的第三列:repo配置文件中的repoid

    # yum list php*
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    Available Packages
    php.x86_64 5.4.16-46.1.el7_7 updates
    php-bcmath.x86_64 5.4.16-46.1.el7_7 updates
    php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-21.el7 base
    php-pecl-memcache.x86_64 3.0.8-4.el7 base

    显示repo中还未安装的包:yum list available [glob_exp1][...]

    # yum list available

    显示repo中的可以升级的包:yum list updates [glob_exp1][...]

    # yum list updates

    显示已经安装的包:yum list installed [glob_exp1][...]

    • @anaconda:安装系统时,安装的包。
    • installed:后来自己安装的。
    # yum list installed
    zlib.x86_64 1.2.7-18.el7 @anaconda
    zsh.x86_64 5.0.2-33.el7 installed

    显示已经安装了的extra repo中的包:yum list extras [glob_exp1][...]

    # yum list extras

    显示已经安装的包,哪些已经废弃了:yum list distro-extras [glob_exp1][...]

    # yum list distro-extras
  • 安装包:yum install package1 [package2

    如果repo里有多个版本,可以指定版本,例如:yum install gcc-4.8.5

    也可以不指定版本,则安装最新版:yum install gcc

  • 升级包:yum update [package1][package2] [...]

    # yum update gcc
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    No packages marked for update
  • 降级:downgrade package1 [package2][...]

    类似:rpm -Uvh --oldpackage

  • 重新覆盖安装:reinstall package1 [package2][...]

    类似:rpm -ivh --replacepkgs

  • 检查有哪些包可以升级:yum check-update

  • 卸载包:yum remove | erase package1 [package2][...]

    当卸载的包,被别的包依赖时,别的包也一并被卸载

    卸载cpp:由于gcc依赖于cpp,所有如果卸载cpp,则gcc也会被卸载。

  • 查看包的信息:yum info [glob_exp1][...]

    类似rpm -qi

    # yum info gcc
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    Installed Packages
    Name : gcc
    Arch : x86_64
    Version : 4.8.5
    Release : 39.el7
    Size : 37 M
    Repo : installed
    From repo : base
    Summary : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
    URL : http://gcc.gnu.org
    License : GPLv3+ and GPLv3+ with exceptions and GPLv2+ with exceptions and LGPLv2+ and BSD
    Description : The gcc package contains the GNU Compiler Collection version 4.8.
    : You'll need this package in order to compile C code
  • 查看程序或文件是有哪个包提供的:yum provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2

    类似rpm -qf file

    # yum provides /usr/bin/gcc
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
    Repo : base
    Matched from:
    Filename : /usr/bin/gcc gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
    Repo : @base
    Matched from:
    Filename : /usr/bin/gcc
  • 清除元数据文件在本地的缓存:clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]

    yum按文件时,会把程序包和元数据文件缓存在本地,当安装结束,yum会删除程序包文件,但是不会删除 元数据文件。

  • 构建缓存:yum makecache [fast]

  • 用关键字搜索信息:yum search string1 [string2][...]

    从包名和包的summary里搜索指定的关键字。

    # yum search bash
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    ====================================================== N/S matched: bash =======================================================
    bash-completion.noarch : Programmable completion for Bash
    bash-doc.x86_64 : Documentation files for bash
    libguestfs-bash-completion.noarch : Bash tab-completion scripts for libguestfs tools
    libvirt-bash-completion.x86_64 : Bash completion script
    pcp-pmda-bash.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for the Bash shell
    bash.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
  • 显示某个包所依赖的包:deplist package1 [package2][...]

    # yum deplist gcc
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
    package: gcc.x86_64 4.8.5-39.el7
    dependency: /bin/sh
    provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-33.el7
    dependency: /sbin/install-info
    provider: info.x86_64 5.1-5.el7
    ...
  • 查看yum的安装,更新,卸载的历史:yum history不带参数则是history list

    history [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|rollback|new|sync|stats]

    # yum history
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    5 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 23:00 | Install | 2
    4 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 22:59 | Erase | 8
    3 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 22:48 | Update | 11 <
    2 | ys <ys> | 2019-11-29 17:38 | Install | 8 >
    1 | System <unset> | 2019-11-29 16:44 | Install | 1458
    history list

    上面是汇总的信息,如果想看id为5的详细信息,也就是id为5的安装了哪些包,则使用:

    # yum history info 5
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Transaction ID : 5
    Begin time : Sat Feb 15 23:00:14 2020
    Begin rpmdb : 1459:fe9d7def2a5edd098cfe39ebe0732b67038170b5
    End time : 23:00:19 2020 (5 seconds)
    End rpmdb : 1461:ed3657ce694e0e90ea8bf62a092f06422c81ac28
    User : root <root>
    Return-Code : Success
    Command Line : install gcc
    Transaction performed with:
    Installed rpm-4.11.3-35.el7.x86_64 @anaconda
    Installed yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch @anaconda
    Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-50.el7.noarch @anaconda
    Packages Altered:
    Dep-Install cpp-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base
    Install gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base
    history info

    查看yumdb大小:

    # yum history stats
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    File : //var/lib/yum/history/history-2020-02-16.sqlite
    Size : 23,552
    Transactions: 0
    history stats
  • 本地安装/升级:想安装的包在yum repo中没有,可以下载一个rpm包安装。但为什么不用rpm呢,因为rpm不能解决依赖,而yum可以,所以即使是本地的rpm包,也可以使用yum安装,但是参数是rpm文件名。

    localinstall/localupdate是为了兼容以前的版本,应该使用intall/update 参数是rpm文件名。

    • localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]

    ​ (maintained for legacy reasons only - use install)

    • localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]

    ​ (maintained for legacy reasons only - use update)

  • 组安装/更新/卸载/查看

    • 查看有哪些组可供安装:

      # yum groups list
      Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
      Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
      Available Environment Groups:
      Minimal Install
      Compute Node
      Infrastructure Server
      File and Print Server
      Basic Web Server
      Virtualization Host
      Server with GUI
      GNOME Desktop
      KDE Plasma Workspaces
      Development and Creative Workstation
      Installed Groups:
      Development Tools
      Available Groups:
      Compatibility Libraries
      Console Internet Tools
      Graphical Administration Tools
      Legacy UNIX Compatibility
      Scientific Support
      Security Tools
      Smart Card Support
      System Administration Tools
      System Management
      Done
    • 查看某个组里有哪些包:

      # yum groups info Development\ Tools
      Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
      Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Group: Development Tools
      Group-Id: development
      Description: A basic development environment.
      Mandatory Packages:
      gcc
      =gcc-c++
      gettext
      =libtool
      make
      Default Packages:
      byacc
      =gcc-gfortran
      swig
      =systemtap
      Optional Packages:
      ElectricFence
      ant
      babel
      bzr

      Mandatory Packages:必须安装的包

      Default Packages:默认安装的包

      Optional Packages:可选安装的包

    • 安装:

      # yum groups install "Development Tools"
    • 更新:

      # yum groups update "Development Tools"
      Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
      Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
      Maybe run: yum groups mark install (see man yum)
      No packages in any requested group available to install or updates
    • 删除:

      # yum groups remove Development\ Tools

拿光盘作为repo

1,先挂载centos系统安装盘到/media目录。

2,创建文件local.repo

[base]
name=local repo centos
baseurl=file:///media/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

3,然后就可以正常使用yum命令了。

yum 常用的命令行选项

  • 禁止进行gpg check:--nogpgcheck
  • 自动回答yes:-y
  • 不输出安装信息:-q
  • 禁用指定的repo(可以使用glob匹配):--disablerepo=repoid(glob)
  • 启用指定的repo(可以使用glob匹配):--enablerepo=repoid(glob)
  • 禁用所有插件:--noplugins

yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量

  • $releasever:当前OS的发行版的主版本号。centos7的话,此变量的值就是7

  • $arch:架构。比如i386,i486等

  • $basearch:基础架构。如果是ix86架构的话,则此变量的值为i386

  • $YUM0-$YUM9:自定义变量

  • 使用变量的例子:

    name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
    baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/

自己创建yum repo:createrepo [options] <directory>

使用createrepo很简单,只需要指定rpm包所在的目录。

就会做成目录:repodata

# pwd
/tmp/repos
# createrepo ./
Spawning worker 0 with 19 pkgs
Workers Finished
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete
# ls -d repodata/
repodata/

repodata目录的文件构成:

# ll repodata/
total 52
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12690 Feb 16 11:24 7150dafd709770a783ea087b2ff869aaecfb007b0fcce6f544924c4c1e1e4405-primary.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4184 Feb 16 11:24 7f43292a24f471448badbf18db488dbe52efc22237170ad2f6fc7aa36ac45a0e-primary.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2686 Feb 16 11:24 8351058925b5438dbe9abd2c246c64f3eafcc741f644ef268ac8747a82bc48ab-filelists.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2655 Feb 16 11:24 a5b6ce405bfa9814e77ab3159b77aa4a2c55ac445a5244ff449b1125badc2a9b-other.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5918 Feb 16 11:24 c58fa90f9a3825f07092ff63f524a86183a0e9f99e19d3a84b785cef2edf93f8-other.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5423 Feb 16 11:24 fa9fbb57fe96cf749733a6232b4860f70c7abd60b7b0c72f9486771f63f9a4ec-filelists.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2976 Feb 16 11:24 repomd.xml

创建repo配置文件:

[local2]
name=your repo centos
baseurl=file:///tmp/repos
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

验证:repoid:local2已经可以使用了

# yum repolist local2
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
local2 your repo centos 19
repolist: 19

cento下的开发包组:

  • Development Tools:要想自己编译源码,必须安装此包组。
  • Server Platform Development
  • Desktop Platform Development(图形界面的)

编译源码安装:

1,configure脚本使用和作用

作用:指定安装到哪,启用哪些特性

使用:每个源代码的configure的用法可能都不一样,所有使用前,用:configure --help查看都支持哪些选项。

选项分类:

  • 安装路径设定:

    --prefix=/path/to/somewhere:指定安装路径(方便以后卸载,直接把目录删除)。不指定可能安装到了/usr/local

    --sysconfdir=/path/to/somewhere:指定配置文件放到哪里

  • 交叉编译设定:

    --build=BUILD configure for building on BUILD [guessed]

    --host=HOST:编译后运行的目标架构。cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST [BUILD]

    --target=TARGET configure for building compilers for TARGET [HOST]

  • 安装特性设定:

    --disable-FEATURE

    --enable-FEATURE[=ARG]

  • 设定安装时依赖哪些包,不依赖哪些包

    --with-PACKAGE[=ARG]:ARG为路径信息等。

    --without-PACKAGE

源码安装结束后的配置

1,把可执行程序目录添加到PATH环境变量

新建文件:/etc/profile.d/NAME.sh

添加 export PATH=/PATH/TO/BIN:$PATH

2,添加库文件路径

新建文件:/etc/ld.so.conf.d/name.conf

添加:/PATH/TO/lib

3,让系统找到头文件

创建头文件的符号链接:`ln -s /PATH/TO/include /usr/include/

4,导出帮助手册

编辑/etc/man_db.conf,添加:

#MANDATORY_MANPATH                      /usr/src/pvm3/man
#
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /PATH/TO/man

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