rest_frameword框架的基本组件
序列化
序列化:转化数据和校验数据(提交数据时校验数据类型)
开发我们的Web API的第一件事是为我们的Web API提供一种将代码片段实例序列化和反序列化为诸如json
之类的表示形式的方式。我们可以通过声明与Django forms非常相似的序列化器(serializers)来实现。
class Book(models.Model):
title=models.CharField(max_length=32)
price=models.IntegerField()
pub_date=models.DateField()
publish=models.ForeignKey(to="Publish")
authors=models.ManyToManyField(to="Author") def __str__(self):
return self.title class Publish(models.Model):
name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
email=models.EmailField() def __str__(self):
return self.name class Author(models.Model):
name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
age=models.IntegerField() def __str__(self):
return self.name class User(models.Model):
user=models.CharField(max_length=32)
pwd=models.CharField(max_length=32)
user_type=models.IntegerField(choices=((1,"普通用户"),(2,"VIP用户"),(3,"SVIP用户"))) def __str__(self):
return self.user class UserToken(models.Model):
user=models.OneToOneField(to="User")
token=models.CharField(max_length=128) def __str__(self):
return self.token
models.py
1.使用serializers(用法类似与form组件)
from rest_framework import serializers
#为Book表定制序列化组件
#使用Serializer
class BookSerializers(serializers.Serializer):
#普通字段
title=serializers.CharField(max_length=32)
price=serializers.IntegerField()
pub_date=serializers.DateField()
# 一对多使用Charfiled类型,source更改显示的字段
publish=serializers.CharField(source="publish.email")
# 多对多字段
authors=serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_authors(self,obj):#obj为book对象
temp=[]
for author in obj.authors.all():
temp.append({"id":author.id,"name":author.name})
return temp
2.使用ModelSerializer(使用方法类似与modelform组件)
class BookModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model=Book
fields="__all__"
# exclude=["authors",] #显示authors以外的字段(单独使用) # authors=serializers.SerializerMethodField() #可以和fields=“__all__”配合使用
# def get_authors(self,obj):
# temp=[]
# for author in obj.authors.all():
# temp.append({"id":author.id,"name":author.name})
# return temp
视图(views)
class BookViews(APIView):
pass
class BookViews(其他类):
queryset=Book.objects.all() #必须写queryset,不写有可能报错(源码断言处理)
断言:
assert self.queryset is not None, (
"'%s' should either include a `queryset` attribute, "
"or override the `get_queryset()` method."
% self.__class__.__name__
)
1.继承APIView类(继承了View)
处理Book表全部信息,查看、添加
class BookViews(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
# querset数据转化为json数据
bs=BookModelSerializer(book_list,many=True) #queryset时,many=True;单个对象时,默认many=False
# bs.data序列化后的数据[{},{}]
return Response(bs.data) def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
# 获取前端提交的数据
obj=request.data
#json数据转化为queryset数据
bs=BookModelSerializer(data=obj)
# 验证
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
# 显示json数据
return Response(bs.data)
else:
# 显示错误信息
return Response(bs.errors) # 处理指定book的信息,查看、编辑、删除
class BookDetailViews(APIView): def get(self,request,pk,*rags,**kwargs):
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
if not book_obj:
return Response("没有这条记录")
bs=BookModelSerializer(book_obj)
return Response(bs.data) def put(self,request,pk,*rags,**kwargs):
# 获取编辑后的json数据
obj=request.data
book_obj=Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
# 将data的json数据转换为queryset(book_obj)数据
bs=BookModelSerializer(data=obj,instance=book_obj)
if bs.is_valid():
bs.save()
return Response(bs.data)
else:
return Response(bs.errors) def delete(self,request,pk,*args,**kwargs):
Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
return Response("删除成功")
2.使用Mixin类(ListModelMixin等中实现了增删改查方法)
from rest_framework import mixins
from rest_framework import generics class BookViews(mixins.ListModelMixin,
mixins.CreateModelMixin,
generics.GenericAPIView): queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
# 继承mixins.ListModelMixin
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs) # 继承mixins.CreateModelMixin
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.create(request,*args,**kwargs) class BookDetailViews(mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
mixins.UpdateModelMixin,
mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
generics.GenericAPIView):
# lookup_field = 'pk' 找到url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.BookDetailViews.as_view())generics.GenericAPIView中默认设置好了,先queryset查询再进行过滤
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.retrieve( request, *args, **kwargs) def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.update(request,*args,**kwargs) def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
return self.destroy(request,*args,**kwargs)
3.使用通用的基于类视图
from rest_framework import generics
ListCreateAPIView继承mixins.ListModelMixin,mixins.CreateModelMixin,GenericAPIView class BookViews(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer class BookDetailViews(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
4.终极版viewsets.ModelViewSet(重新定义了as_view())
###############终极版viewsets.ModelViewSet########### from rest_framework import viewsetsclass BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer urls.py
url(r'^books/$',views.BookViewsSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"})),
url(r'^books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$',views.BookViewsSet.as_view({"get":"retrieve","put":"update","delete":"destr
ModelViewSet类的继承关系(自己有的用自己的,自己没有的用父类的)
解释器(parser)
根据请求头content_type对应的的解析器类型进行请求体处理
urlencoded 对应 格式一:name=alex&age=123&email=131232 json 对应 格式二:{name:'xx',age:'xxx'}
1、Django中的request类:
from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest
只是对 "multipart/form-data"(上传文件)和"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"(如form表单)进行了处理,其他类型的请求头,都要进行解码和反序列化(json.loads.(request.body.decode="utf8"))
只有在content_type="multipart/form-data"或"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"时,request.POST中才有数据request.body中有元数据
2、rest_frmaework中的request类:
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser,FileUploadParser,FormParser,MultiPartParser
rest_frmaework:中将解析器的种类扩大有 JSONParser,FileUploadParser,FormParser,MultiPartParser所有数据都在request.data中
个别特殊的值可以通过request._request 来进行获取 因为它对Django中的request进行了二次封装
第一次:
头:
content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
体:
k1=v1&k2=v2
request.data 接收到的是QueryDict类型
第二次:
头:
content-type: application/json
体:
{"k1":"v1","k2":"v2"}
reuqest.data 接收到的是dict类型
在rest_frmaework中:
局部使用parser:
views.py
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser,FormParser,FileUploadParser,MultiPartParser 默认使用JSONParser,FormParser
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): #重新定义了as_view()
# 解析器
parser_classes=[JSONParser,FileUploadParser,FormParser,MultiPartParser] queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
全局使用parser:
settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK={# 解析器
"DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES":["rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser","rest_framework.parsers.FileUploadParser",] }
分页(page)
一、自定义页码分页
1.自定义list()分页
view.py
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): #重新定义了as_view() queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer #自定义list ,分页
def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
book_list=Book.objects.all()
print(book_list)
pnp=PageNumberPagination()
pager_book=pnp.paginate_queryset(queryset=book_list,request=request,view=self)
print("pager_book",pager_book)
# 序列化分页后的数据
bs=BookModelSerializer(pager_book,many=True)
return pnp.get_paginated_response(bs.data)
settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK={
# 自定义list()分页,每页显示的个数
"PAGE_SIZE": 2
}
2.自定义页码分页
pageing.py
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
class PageBook(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 1
page_query_param = 'page'
page_size_query_param = "size"
max_page_size =1
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): #重新定义了as_view()
# 分页
pagination_class=PageBook queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
二、按照索引和每页显示的个数
pageing.py
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination,LimitOffsetPagination #用法http://127.0.0.1:8001/books/?offset=1&limit=2 根据起始索引和每页显示的个数
class PageBook(LimitOffsetPagination):
# 默认每页显示的数据条数
default_limit = 2
# URL中传入的显示数据条数的参数
limit_query_param = 'limit'
# URL中传入的数据位置的参数
offset_query_param = 'offset'
# 最大每页显得条数
max_limit = None
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): #重新定义了as_view()
# 分页
pagination_class=PageBook queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
三、游标分页
pageing.py
# 游标分页 对cursor进行加密,只能通过指定的url进行访问(只能通过图片中的url访问) class PageBook(CursorPagination):
# URL传入的游标参数
cursor_query_param = 'page'
# 默认每页显示的数据条数
page_size = 2
# URL传入的每页显示条数的参数
page_size_query_param = 'page_size'
# 每页显示数据最大条数
max_page_size = 1000 # 根据ID从大到小排列
ordering = "id"
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet): #重新定义了as_view()
# 分页
pagination_class=PageBook queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
路由系统
1.自定义路由
http://127.0.0.1:8001/books/?format=json 浏览器中可以直接访问json数据
url(r'^books/$',views.BookViewsSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"})), #http://127.0.0.1:8001/books.json 或 http://127.0.0.1:8001/books/?format=json 浏览器中可以直接访问json数据
url(r'^books\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$',views.BookViewsSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"})),
2.自动生成url
# 自动生成url
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from api import views
from rest_framework import routers router = routers.DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'books', views.BookViewsSet) urlpatterns = [ # 自动生成url
url(r'^',include(router.urls)),
]
响应器
根据 用户请求URL 或 用户可接受的类型,筛选出合适的 渲染组件。
用户请求URL:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/?format=json
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books.json
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books
用户请求头:
Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8
from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer,JSONRenderer,AdminRenderer,HTMLFormRenderer,TemplateHTMLRenderer
以下访问urls.py都一样
urlpatterns = [
url(
# http://127.0.0.1:8001/books/?format=json或http://127.0.0.1:8001/books.json #浏览器中可以直接访问json数据
url(r'^books\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)$',views.BookViewsSet.as_view({"get":"list","post":"create"})),
]
1. 访问json
urls.py:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/?format=json http://127.0.0.1:8000/books.json http://127.0.0.1:8000/books
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
# 响应器
renderer_classes=[JSONRenderer]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
2.表格
urls.py:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/?format=admin http://127.0.0.1:8000/books.admin http://127.0.0.1:8000/books
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
# 响应器
renderer_classes=[AdminRenderer]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
3.form表单
urls.py:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/?format=form http://127.0.0.1:8000/books.form http://127.0.0.1:8000/books
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
# 响应器
renderer_classes=[HTMLFormRenderer]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
4.自定义显示模板
urls.py:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/?format=html http://127.0.0.1:8000/books.html http://127.0.0.1:8000/books
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
# 响应器
renderer_classes=[TemplateHTMLRenderer,]
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
book_list = Books.objects.all()
bs = BookSerializer(instance=book_list, many=True)
return Response(bs.data, template_name='books.html')
books.html
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <title>Title</title>
6 </head>
7 <body>
8 {{ title }}
9 {{ price }}11 </body>
12 </html>
3.form表单
urls.py:
http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/?format=api http://127.0.0.1:8000/books.api http://127.0.0.1:8000/books
views.py
class BookViewsSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
# 响应器
renderer_classes=[renderer_classes=[HTMLFormRenderer]]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
待续
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