class Student(object):#括号里面的是继承的类

    def __init__(self, name, score):初始化对象时，参数个数

        self.name = name

        self.score = score

    def print_score(self):

        print '%s: %s' % (self.name, self.score)

lass Student(object):

    def __init__(self, name, score):

        self.__name = name       #双下划线，外部无法直接访问

        self.__score = score

    def print_score(self):

        print '%s: %s' % (self.__name, self.__score)

     def set_score(self, score):    #通过set_来做筛选

        if 0 <= score <= 100:

            self.__score = score

        else:

            raise ValueError('bad score')

    def get_name(self):            #通过get_来获取参数

        return self.__name

    def get_score(self):

        return self.__score

>>> import types

>>> type(int)==types.TypeType

True

>>> type(int)

<type 'type'>

>>> type(int)==type(str)

True

>>> dir('o1')

['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '_formatter_field_name_split', '_formatter_parser', 'capitalize', 'center', 'count', 'decode', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdigit', 'islower', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']

>>> class Student(object):

...     __slots__ = ('name', 'age') # 用tuple定义允许绑定的属性名称

...

>>> class GraduateStudent(Student):#新建子类，子类可以为继承父类的__slots__

# 除非在子类中也定义__slots__，这样，子类允许定义的属性就是自身的__slots__加上父类的__slots__。  如添加__slots__=（'sex'）,即子类被限制为name,age,sex了

...     pass

...

>>> g = GraduateStudent()

>>> g.score = 9999

class Grandfa(object):

    def hair(self):

        print 'no hair'

class Father(Grandfa):

     pass

class Mother(Grandfa):

     def hair(self):

        print 'long hair'

class Tom(Father,Mother):

    pass

me = Tom()

me.hair()

#  输出long hair

>>> class student(object):

...     def __str__(self):

...             return 'is str'

...     def __repr__(self):

...             return 'is repr'

...

>>> s=student()

>>> s

is repr

>>> print s

is str

# 通常__str__()和__repr__()代码都是一样的

class Student(object):

    def __init__(self, name):

        self.name = name

    def __call__(self):

        print('My name is %s.' % self.name)

>>> s = Student('Michael')

>>> s()

My name is Michael.

>>> callable(max)

True    #能被调用

>>> callable([1, 2, 3])

False    #不能被调用

try:

    foo()

except StandardError, e:

    print 'StandardError'

except ValueError, e:

    print 'ValueError'

# StandardError是ValueError,的父类，所以第二个except永远也捕获不到，子类要重写父类中的方法，如果父类的方法有异常声明，子类异常小于等于父类异常

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)#它允许你指定记录信息的级别，有debug，info，warning，error等几个级别

s=''

n=int(s)

logging.info('n =%d' %n)

print 10/n

#通过简单的配置，一条语句可以同时输出到不同的地方，比如console和文件。

class Dict(dict):

    '''

    Simple dict but also support access as x.y style.

    >>> d1 = Dict()

    >>> d1['x'] = 100

    >>> d1.x

    100

    >>> d1.y = 200

    >>> d1['y']

    200

    >>> d2 = Dict(a=1, b=2, c='3')

    >>> d2.c

    '3'

    >>> d2['empty']

    Traceback (most recent call last):

        ...

    KeyError: 'empty'

    >>> d2.empty

    Traceback (most recent call last):

        ...

    AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'empty'

    '''

    def __init__(self, **kw):

        super(Dict, self).__init__(**kw)

    def __getattr__(self, key):

        try:

            return self[key]

        except KeyError:

            raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):

        self[key] = value

if __name__=='__main__':

    import doctest

    doctest.testmod()
# python Dict.py  没结果输出，表示运行正常。