python学习——基本数据类型
2024-09-04 17:07:19
一、运算符
1.算术运算：
2.比较运算
3.赋值运算
4.逻辑运算
5.成员运算
二、基本数据类型
1.数字
1.1 整形数字和长整形数字：在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647，在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807
1.2 有关number模块代码如下所示：
class Number(metaclass=ABCMeta):
"""All numbers inherit from this class. If you just want to check if an argument x is a number, without
caring what kind, use isinstance(x, Number).
"""
__slots__ = () # Concrete numeric types must provide their own hash implementation
__hash__ = None ## Notes on Decimal
## ----------------
## Decimal has all of the methods specified by the Real abc, but it should
## not be registered as a Real because decimals do not interoperate with
## binary floats (i.e. Decimal('3.14') + 2.71828 is undefined). But,
## abstract reals are expected to interoperate (i.e. R1 + R2 should be
## expected to work if R1 and R2 are both Reals). class Complex(Number):
"""Complex defines the operations that work on the builtin complex type. In short, those are: a conversion to complex, .real, .imag, +, -,
*, /, abs(), .conjugate, ==, and !=. If it is given heterogeneous arguments, and doesn't have special
knowledge about them, it should fall back to the builtin complex
type as described below.
""" __slots__ = () @abstractmethod
def __complex__(self):
"""Return a builtin complex instance. Called for complex(self).""" def __bool__(self):
"""True if self != 0. Called for bool(self)."""
return self != 0 @property
@abstractmethod
def real(self):
"""Retrieve the real component of this number. This should subclass Real.
"""
raise NotImplementedError @property
@abstractmethod
def imag(self):
"""Retrieve the imaginary component of this number. This should subclass Real.
"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __add__(self, other):
"""self + other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __radd__(self, other):
"""other + self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __neg__(self):
"""-self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __pos__(self):
"""+self"""
raise NotImplementedError def __sub__(self, other):
"""self - other"""
return self + -other def __rsub__(self, other):
"""other - self"""
return -self + other @abstractmethod
def __mul__(self, other):
"""self * other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rmul__(self, other):
"""other * self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __truediv__(self, other):
"""self / other: Should promote to float when necessary."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rtruediv__(self, other):
"""other / self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __pow__(self, exponent):
"""self**exponent; should promote to float or complex when necessary."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rpow__(self, base):
"""base ** self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __abs__(self):
"""Returns the Real distance from 0. Called for abs(self)."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def conjugate(self):
"""(x+y*i).conjugate() returns (x-y*i)."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __eq__(self, other):
"""self == other"""
raise NotImplementedError Complex.register(complex) class Real(Complex):
"""To Complex, Real adds the operations that work on real numbers. In short, those are: a conversion to float, trunc(), divmod,
%, <, <=, >, and >=. Real also provides defaults for the derived operations.
""" __slots__ = () @abstractmethod
def __float__(self):
"""Any Real can be converted to a native float object. Called for float(self)."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __trunc__(self):
"""trunc(self): Truncates self to an Integral. Returns an Integral i such that:
* i>0 iff self>0;
* abs(i) <= abs(self);
* for any Integral j satisfying the first two conditions,
abs(i) >= abs(j) [i.e. i has "maximal" abs among those].
i.e. "truncate towards 0".
"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __floor__(self):
"""Finds the greatest Integral <= self."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __ceil__(self):
"""Finds the least Integral >= self."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __round__(self, ndigits=None):
"""Rounds self to ndigits decimal places, defaulting to 0. If ndigits is omitted or None, returns an Integral, otherwise
returns a Real. Rounds half toward even.
"""
raise NotImplementedError def __divmod__(self, other):
"""divmod(self, other): The pair (self // other, self % other). Sometimes this can be computed faster than the pair of
operations.
"""
return (self // other, self % other) def __rdivmod__(self, other):
"""divmod(other, self): The pair (self // other, self % other). Sometimes this can be computed faster than the pair of
operations.
"""
return (other // self, other % self) @abstractmethod
def __floordiv__(self, other):
"""self // other: The floor() of self/other."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
"""other // self: The floor() of other/self."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __mod__(self, other):
"""self % other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rmod__(self, other):
"""other % self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __lt__(self, other):
"""self < other < on Reals defines a total ordering, except perhaps for NaN."""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __le__(self, other):
"""self <= other"""
raise NotImplementedError # Concrete implementations of Complex abstract methods.
def __complex__(self):
"""complex(self) == complex(float(self), 0)"""
return complex(float(self)) @property
def real(self):
"""Real numbers are their real component."""
return +self @property
def imag(self):
"""Real numbers have no imaginary component."""
return 0 def conjugate(self):
"""Conjugate is a no-op for Reals."""
return +self Real.register(float) class Rational(Real):
""".numerator and .denominator should be in lowest terms.""" __slots__ = () @property
@abstractmethod
def numerator(self):
raise NotImplementedError @property
@abstractmethod
def denominator(self):
raise NotImplementedError # Concrete implementation of Real's conversion to float.
def __float__(self):
"""float(self) = self.numerator / self.denominator It's important that this conversion use the integer's "true"
division rather than casting one side to float before dividing
so that ratios of huge integers convert without overflowing. """
return self.numerator / self.denominator class Integral(Rational):
"""Integral adds a conversion to int and the bit-string operations.""" __slots__ = () @abstractmethod
def __int__(self):
"""int(self)"""
raise NotImplementedError def __index__(self):
"""Called whenever an index is needed, such as in slicing"""
return int(self) @abstractmethod
def __pow__(self, exponent, modulus=None):
"""self ** exponent % modulus, but maybe faster. Accept the modulus argument if you want to support the
3-argument version of pow(). Raise a TypeError if exponent < 0
or any argument isn't Integral. Otherwise, just implement the
2-argument version described in Complex.
"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __lshift__(self, other):
"""self << other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rlshift__(self, other):
"""other << self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rshift__(self, other):
"""self >> other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rrshift__(self, other):
"""other >> self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __and__(self, other):
"""self & other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rand__(self, other):
"""other & self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __xor__(self, other):
"""self ^ other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __rxor__(self, other):
"""other ^ self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __or__(self, other):
"""self | other"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __ror__(self, other):
"""other | self"""
raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod
def __invert__(self):
"""~self"""
raise NotImplementedError # Concrete implementations of Rational and Real abstract methods.
def __float__(self):
"""float(self) == float(int(self))"""
return float(int(self)) @property
def numerator(self):
"""Integers are their own numerators."""
return +self @property
def denominator(self):
"""Integers have a denominator of 1."""
return 1
2.布尔值
2.1 真和假（True and False）
2.2 0 和 1分别代表假和真
2.3 有关布尔值是假有以下几种情况（返回 False，其他的布尔值都为真，返回 True）
（ None 0 ''''空字符串 ()空元组 {}空字典 []空列表 等等……（因为可能还有我不知道的））
3.字符串
3.1 字符串的创建(用单引号或者双引号引起来的就叫字符串)
str1 = 'hello world'
str2 = "liulonghai"
3.2 字符串有以下几个常用功能：
移除空白
分割
长度
索引
切片
3.3 字符串的相关代码如下：
class str(basestring):
"""
str(object='') -> string Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
"""
def capitalize(self):
""" 首字母变大写 """
"""
S.capitalize() -> string Return a copy of the string S with only its first character
capitalized.
"""
return "" def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
""" 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """
"""
S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return "" def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 子序列个数 """
"""
S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted
as in slice notation.
"""
return 0 def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
""" 解码 """
"""
S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace'
as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is
able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.
"""
return object() def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None):
""" 编码，针对unicode """
"""
S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults
to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error
handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
"""
return object() def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
""" 是否以 xxx 结束 """
"""
S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None):
""" 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """
"""
S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
"""
return "" def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1 """
"""
S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0 def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
""" 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """
"""
S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
"""
pass def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
""" 子序列位置，如果没找到，报错 """
S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0 def isalnum(self):
""" 是否是字母和数字 """
"""
S.isalnum() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def isalpha(self):
""" 是否是字母 """
"""
S.isalpha() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def isdigit(self):
""" 是否是数字 """
"""
S.isdigit() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are digits
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def islower(self):
""" 是否小写 """
"""
S.islower() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def isspace(self):
"""
S.isspace() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def istitle(self):
"""
S.istitle() -> bool Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased
characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False
otherwise.
"""
return False def isupper(self):
"""
S.isupper() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def join(self, iterable):
""" 连接 """
"""
S.join(iterable) -> string Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
iterable. The separator between elements is S.
"""
return "" def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
""" 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """
"""
S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
"""
return "" def lower(self):
""" 变小写 """
"""
S.lower() -> string Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
"""
return "" def lstrip(self, chars=None):
""" 移除左侧空白 """
"""
S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return "" def partition(self, sep):
""" 分割，前，中，后三部分 """
"""
S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, return S and two empty strings.
"""
pass def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
""" 替换 """
"""
S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring
old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is
given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
"""
return "" def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""
S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0 def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""
S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0 def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None):
"""
S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
"""
return "" def rpartition(self, sep):
"""
S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
"""
pass def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
"""
S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
is a separator.
"""
return [] def rstrip(self, chars=None):
"""
S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return "" def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None):
""" 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """
"""
S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the
delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed
from the result.
"""
return [] def splitlines(self, keepends=False):
""" 根据换行分割 """
"""
S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
is given and true.
"""
return [] def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
""" 是否起始 """
"""
S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
"""
return False def strip(self, chars=None):
""" 移除两段空白 """
"""
S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping
"""
return "" def swapcase(self):
""" 大写变小写，小写变大写 """
"""
S.swapcase() -> string Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters
converted to lowercase and vice versa.
"""
return "" def title(self):
"""
S.title() -> string Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase
characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.
"""
return "" def translate(self, table, deletechars=None):
"""
转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
intab = "aeiou"
outtab = ""
trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print str.translate(trantab, 'xm')
""" """
S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring
in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the
remaining characters have been mapped through the given
translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None.
If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and
the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars.
"""
return "" def upper(self):
"""
S.upper() -> string Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.
"""
return "" def zfill(self, width):
"""方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。"""
"""
S.zfill(width) -> string Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
"""
return "" def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __add__(self, y):
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass def __contains__(self, y):
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass def __eq__(self, y):
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass def __format__(self, format_spec):
"""
S.__format__(format_spec) -> string Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
"""
return "" def __getattribute__(self, name):
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass def __getitem__(self, y):
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __getslice__(self, i, j):
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass def __ge__(self, y):
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass def __gt__(self, y):
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass def __hash__(self):
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__
"""
str(object='') -> string Return a nice string representation of the object.
If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __len__(self):
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass def __le__(self, y):
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass def __lt__(self, y):
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass def __mod__(self, y):
""" x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
pass def __mul__(self, n):
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more):
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass def __ne__(self, y):
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass def __repr__(self):
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass def __rmod__(self, y):
""" x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
pass def __rmul__(self, n):
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass def __sizeof__(self):
""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
pass def __str__(self):
""" x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
pass str
3.4 pycharm下整理的字符串
t = 'LiuLonghai'
v = t.capitalize()
print(v) # 输出结果：Liulonghai Liulonghai 首字母变成大写，其他地方小写不变，大写的变小写 t = 'LiuLonghai'
v = t.casefold()
print(v) # 输出结果：liulonghai 把大写字母变成小写，大写的全部变 t = 'LiuLonghai'
v1 = t.center(20,'*')
v2 = t.center(20) #以特定的字符在两边进行填充,默认为空格，字符串在中间
v3 = t.zfill(20) #只有一个参数,只能用0来填充,其他的字符串不行
v4 = t.ljust(20,'#') #以特定的字符在左边进行填充，默认为空格
v5 = t.rjust(20,'@') #以特定的字符在右边进行填充，默认为空格
print(v1,v2,v3,v4,v5) # 输出结果：*****LiuLonghai***** LiuLonghai 0000000000LiuLonghai LiuLonghai########## @@@@@@@@@@LiuLonghai t = 'liulonghai'
v1 = t.count('l')
v2 = t.count('llh')
print(v1,v2) # 输出结果：2 0 对字符串的子字符串进行计数，若不是子字符串而是不连续的，返回0 t = 'liulonghai'
v1 = t.endswith('i')
v2 = t.startswith('l')
v3 = t.startswith('n',5,20)
print(v1,v2,v3) # 输出结果:True True True 判断字符串是否以某个子字符串结尾和开始,若不设置范围,默认全部,范围可以超出字符串的长度 t = 'liulo\tnghai\t'
v = t.expandtabs(20,)
print(v) #当遇见制表符时以某个特定的值对字符串进行空格填充,若不设置值,默认为8 # 输出结果:liulo nghai t = 'my name is liulonghai'
len_t = len(t)
v1 = t.find('haos')
v2 = t.rfind('hai') #从右往左进行查找并返回位置
v3 = t.index('is') #和find一样,不同在于当没有是程序报错
print(v1,v2,len_t) # 输出结果:-1 18 21 #找到字符串中子字符串在什么位置并返回是第几个,若无则返回-1,默认从左到右,范围默认全部 t = 'My name is {},age {}岁'
v = t.format('liulonghai','')
print(v) # 输出结果:My name is liulonghai,age 23岁 格式化字符串 t1 = 'lgjislojdsl34jfsdlLL'
t2 = 'jfdlgji'
t3 = '42739847239二'
t4 = '342899427②'
v1 = t1.isalpha() #判断字符串是否全是字母
v1_1 = t2.isalpha()
v2 = t1.isalnum() #判断字符串是否全是字母和数字
v2_1 = t3.isalnum()
v3 = t1.isnumeric() #判断字符串是否全是数字
v3_1 = t3.isnumeric()
v4 = t1.isdecimal() #判断字符串是否全是十进制数字,可以判断特殊状态下的数字,入'二'
v4_1 = t4.isdecimal()
v5 = t4.isdigit() #判断字符串是否全是数字,可以判断中文状态下的数字,入'②'
v5_1 = t3.isdigit()
print(v1,v1_1,v2,v2_1,v3,v3_1,v4,v4_1,v5,v5_1) # 输出结果: False True True True False True False False True False t = 'liulo\nnghai'
v1 = t.isidentifier() #若字符串是有效的,返回True,否则返回False,如字符串里面有空格,转义字符等
v2 = t.isprintable() #若字符串是可显示的,返回True,否则返回False,如字符串里面有空格,转义字符等
print(v1,v2) # 输出结果:False False t = 'Liulong hai'
v1 = t.upper() #对字符串进行大写转换
v1_1 = t.isupper() #判断字符串是否全是大写
v2 = t.lower() #对字符串进行小写转换
v2_1 = t.islower() #判断字符串是否全是小写
v3 = t.isspace() #断字符串是否全是空格
v4 = t.swapcase() #大小写进行相互转换
print(v1,v1_1,v2,v2_1,v3,v4) # 输出结果:LIULONG HAI False liulong hai False False lIULONG HAI t = '你是风儿我是啥!'
v1 = ' '.join(t)
v2 = ','.join(t) #非常重要,循环遍历字符串,用某个特定的符号(也是字符串)进行分割,有点像split()
print(v1)
print(v2) # 输出结果:你 是 风 儿 我 是 啥 !
# 你,是,风,儿,我,是,啥,! t = '你是风儿我是啥!'
v1 = t.split('风儿')
v2 = t.rsplit('风儿') #以某个子字符串惊醒分割,但不显示子字符串,返回的是另一个列表
v3 = t.splitlines(True) #不太懂
print(v1)
print(v2)
print(v3) # 输出结果:['你是', '我是啥!']
# ['你是', '我是啥!']
# ['你是风儿我是啥!'] t = ' liulonghai '
v1 = t.strip() #去掉前后两边的空白字符
v2 = t.rstrip() #去掉右边的空白字符
v3 = t.lstrip() #去掉左边的空白字符
print(v1)
print(v2)
print(v3) # 输出结果:liulonghai
# liulonghai
# liulonghai t = 'i love python'
v1 = t.title() #把字符串转换成标题(每个字符的首字母变成大写)
v2 = t.istitle() #判断字符串是否是标题(检查字符串的首字母是否大写,返回bool值)
print(v1,v2) # 输出结果:I Love Python Fals
4.列表
4.1 列表的创建（用[]中括号括起来的，里面可以是任意字符类型，元素之间以“，”隔开）
#遍历列表里面的所有元素
li = [1,2,3,'lulonghai','true',[5,6],('a','b'),{'liulonghai':23}]
for i in li:
print(i)
4.2 列表有以下几个常用功能：
索引
切片
追加
删除
长度
切片
循环
包含
4.3 列表模块下的代码
class list(object):
"""
list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
"""
def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.append(object) -- append object to end """
pass def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
return 0 def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
pass def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
return 0 def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
pass def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
"""
pass def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
pass def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
pass def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
"""
pass def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
pass def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
pass def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
"""
list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
pass def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
pass def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
pass __hash__ = None
5.元组
5.1 元组的创建（用"()"括起来，元素之间以“，”隔开）
tup = ('a','b','c',1,2,3)
5.2 元组有以下几个常用功能：
索引
切片
循环
长度
包含
5.3 元组的方法
lass tuple(object):
"""
tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
"""
def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
return 0 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
return 0 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
"""
tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
pass
6.字典
6.1 字典的创建（以键值对的形势存在，用{}括起来，键和值之间用 “：”，键值对之间以“，”隔开）
6.2 字典有以下几个常用功能：
索引
新增
删除
键、值、键值对
循环
长度
6.3 字典的方法
class dict(object):
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
""" def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 清除内容 """
""" D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """
pass def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 浅拷贝 """
""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
pass @staticmethod # known case
def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
v defaults to None.
"""
pass def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
""" D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """
pass def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 是否有key """
""" D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
return False def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有项的列表形式 """
""" D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
return [] def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 项可迭代 """
""" D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
pass def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" key可迭代 """
""" D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
pass def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" value可迭代 """
""" D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
pass def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有的key列表 """
""" D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
return [] def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 获取并在字典中移除 """
"""
D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
"""
pass def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 获取并在字典中移除 """
"""
D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
"""
pass def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
""" D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
pass def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
""" 更新
{'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
[('name','sbsbsb'),]
"""
"""
D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
"""
pass def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有的值 """
""" D.values() -> list of D's values """
return [] def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
""" D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
pass def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
pass def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
pass def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
pass def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
return False def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
pass __hash__ = None
7.集合
7.1 集合的创建（以{}括起来，元素之间以“，”隔开）
class set(object):
"""
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Add an element to a set. This has no effect if the element is already present.
"""
pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements from this set. """
pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. """
pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing.
"""
pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether another set contains this set. """
pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether this set contains another set. """
pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
"""
pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
"""
pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the union of sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
pass
集合的方法
三、基本数据类型的相关作业
1、以后更新
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