1.快速安装cmake（也可以下载cmake安装包进行安装）
sudo apt-get install cmake   #查看安装的cmake版本：cmake --version  #https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangjiansheng/p/7990028.html

sudo apt-get update

2.依赖库

sudo apt-get install build-essential

sudo apt-get install cmake git libgtk2.-dev pkg-config libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libswscale-dev

sudo apt-get install python-dev python-numpy libtbb2 libtbb-dev libjpeg-dev libpng-dev libtiff-dev libjasper-dev libdc1394--dev

（3.1）创建build文件夹
mkdir build

cd build

（3.2）cmake一下
#cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local ..
#cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=~/opencv-3.4.1/build/installed -DWITH_CUDA=OFF ..  （建立opencv-3.4.1/build/installed这几个文件夹）   
cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/opencv3.4.2 ..

注意：如果已经在新的文件夹中编译，但是还会出现之前的报错，把cmakecache.txt删了再编译就可
不报错，继续。。。

（3.3）make一下
sudo make
sudo make install    #执行完毕后OpenCV编译过程就结束

（3.4）配置一些OpenCV的编译环境
第一步：系统环境
1.首先将OpenCV的库添加到路径，从而可以让系统找到：
sudo gedit /etc/ld.so.conf.d/opencv.conf 

2.只需要在文件末尾添加：
/usr/local/lib  

3.使得刚才的配置路径生效：
sudo ldconfig

第二步：配置bash
1.打开bash.bashrc 
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc    # sudo gedit ~/.bashrc

2.在最末尾添加
#@多版本OpenCV切换 https://blog.csdn.net/learning_tortosie/article/details/80594399
#export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=～/opencv-3.4.1/build/installed/lib/pkgconfig 
#export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=～/opencv-3.4.1/build/installed/lib

export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/opencv3.4.2/lib/pkgconfig 
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/opencv3.4.2/lib

3.使配置生效
source /etc/bash.bashrc    # source ~/.bashrc 

（3.5）查询OpenCV版本
pkg-config --modversion opencv　　# 如果输出3.4.2，就表明配置成功。 如果前面没报错，输出不是3.4.2，可能是配置没生效，重启电脑 

也可以：@https://blog.csdn.net/cocoaqin/article/details/78376382
配置.bashrc

 echo '/usr/local/lib' | sudo tee -a /etc/ld.so.conf.d/opencv.conf

 sudo ldconfig

 printf '# OpenCV\nPKG_CONFIG_PATH=$PKG_CONFIG_PATH:/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig\nexport PKG_CONFIG_PATH\n' >> ~/.bashrc

 source ~/.bashrc    

cmake .

make

./opencv_example

python3

import cv2

cv2.__version__

备注：

同样的方法，python2安装，不好用，如下的好使：

sudo python2 -m pip install opencv-python  -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

u@u1604:~$ python

Python 2.7. (default, Nov  , ::)

[GCC 5.4. ] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> import cv2

>>> cv2.__version__

'4.1.0'

>>> 

u@u1604:~$ python3
Python 3.5.2 (default, Nov 12 2018, 13:43:14) 
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import cv2
>>> cv2.__version__
'4.1.0'
>>> 

你需要下载opencv3..1和opencv_contrib 3.4.，然后对其解压，这些基础命令和操作则不概述。

  将安装包解压到某一自己指定的目录，记为{Opencv_Origin_Dir}，目前我指定的目录解压到了，/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment，所以{Opencv_Origin_Dir}对应就是/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment/opencv-3.4.

tanqiwei@ubuntu:~/Documents/environment$ pwd

/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment

tanqiwei@ubuntu:~/Documents/environment$ ls

opencv-3.4.         opencv_contrib-3.4.

安装前的必备包

  这些安装不算十分完全，我只安装自己够用就成的某些包。

  安装一些必要的库，还有cmake,git,g++。

sudo apt-get install build-essential

sudo apt-get install cmake git g++

安装依赖包

  安装一些依赖包。

sudo apt-get install libgtk2.-dev pkg-config libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libswscale-dev libv4l-dev liblapacke-dev

sudo apt-get install checkinstall yasm libxine2-dev libgstreamer0.-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base0.-dev libfaac-dev libmp3lame-dev libtheora-dev

sudo apt-get install libopencore-amrnb-dev libopencore-amrwb-dev libavresample-dev x264 v4l-utils

处理图像所需的包

sudo apt-get install libtbb2 libtbb-dev libjpeg-dev libpng-dev libtiff-dev libjasper-dev libdc1394--dev 

处理视频所需包

sudo apt-get install libxvidcore-dev libx264-dev ffmpeg

opencv功能优化

sudo apt-get install libatlas-base-dev gfortran 

部分依赖包

sudo apt-get install libopencv-dev  libqt4-dev qt4-qmake libqglviewer-dev libsuitesparse-dev libcxsparse3.1.4 libcholmod3.0.6

sudo apt-get install python-dev python-numpy

可选依赖

sudo apt-get install libprotobuf-dev protobuf-compiler

sudo apt-get install libgoogle-glog-dev libgflags-dev

sudo apt-get install libgphoto2-dev libeigen3-dev libhdf5-dev doxygen

编译和安装

  进入OpenCV的源码解压目录，{Opencv_Origin_Dir}，我的是/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment/opencv-3.4.

  我的opencv_contrib目录和其同级，/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment/opencv_contrib-3.4.1均在/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment下然后在{Opencv_Origin_Dir}下运行

mkdir build

cd build

cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local -D INSTALL_C_EXAMPLES=ON -D INSTALL_PYTHON_EXAMPLES=ON -D WITH_TBB=ON -D WITH_V4L=ON -D WITH_QT=ON -D WITH_OPENGL=ON -D OPENCV_EXTRA_MODULES_PATH=../../opencv_contrib-3.4./modules -D PYTHON_EXECUTABLE=/usr/bin/python3. -D BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON .. 

  这里面过多参数都是属于cmake的范畴，我这里不去描述，大概就是表示opencv应该安装在哪里，扩展包在何处，需要开启什么功能。

  其实编译过程中会发现，自行下载IPPICV，tiny-dnn等等。

    IPPICV是个链接的免费子库，如果想要禁用IPP加速，CMake的时候，加上-D WITH_IPP=OFF。

  其实很多可能可选的从cmake的编译输出看来我们并没有安装,比如java，VTK等等，看下面这种类型的输出就知道了，到时候你只需要对应安装，然后修改CMake编译命令，一般来说，opencv编译过程中，自发也会去寻找这些东西。

-- Checking for module 'gstreamer-base-1.0'

--   No package 'gstreamer-base-1.0' found

-- Checking for module 'gstreamer-video-1.0'

--   No package 'gstreamer-video-1.0' found

-- Checking for module 'gstreamer-app-1.0'

--   No package 'gstreamer-app-1.0' found

-- Checking for module 'gstreamer-riff-1.0'

--   No package 'gstreamer-riff-1.0' found

-- Checking for module 'gstreamer-pbutils-1.0'

--   No package 'gstreamer-pbutils-1.0' found

-- Could NOT find JNI (missing:  JAVA_AWT_LIBRARY JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY JAVA_INCLUDE_PATH JAVA_INCLUDE_PATH2 JAVA_AWT_INCLUDE_PATH)

-- Could NOT find Pylint (missing:  PYLINT_EXECUTABLE)

-- Could NOT find Matlab (missing:  MATLAB_MEX_SCRIPT MATLAB_INCLUDE_DIRS MATLAB_ROOT_DIR MATLAB_LIBRARIES MATLAB_LIBRARY_DIRS MATLAB_MEXEXT MATLAB_ARCH MATLAB_BIN)

-- VTK is not found. Please set -DVTK_DIR in CMake to VTK build directory, or to VTK install subdirectory with VTKConfig.cmake file

-- No preference for use of exported gflags CMake configuration set, and no hints for include/library directories provided. Defaulting to preferring an installed/exported gflags CMake configuration if available.

-- Failed to find installed gflags CMake configuration, searching for gflags build directories exported with CMake.

-- Failed to find gflags - Failed to find an installed/exported CMake configuration for gflags, will perform search for installed gflags components.

-- CERES support is disabled. Ceres Solver for reconstruction API is required.

-- Module opencv_ovis disabled because OGRE3D was not found

-- Caffe:   NO

-- Protobuf:   NO

-- Checking for modules 'tesseract;lept'

--   No package 'tesseract' found

--   No package 'lept' found

  最后会列出其编译后的模块列表。

--   OpenCV modules:

--     To be built:                 aruco bgsegm bioinspired calib3d ccalib core cvv datasets dnn dnn_objdetect dpm face features2d flann freetype fuzzy hdf hfs highgui img_hash imgcodecs imgproc java_bindings_generator line_descriptor ml objdetect optflow phase_unwrapping photo plot python_bindings_generator reg rgbd saliency sfm shape stereo stitching structured_light superres surface_matching text tracking ts video videoio videostab xfeatures2d ximgproc xobjdetect xphoto

--     Disabled:                    js world

--     Disabled by dependency:      -

--     Unavailable:                 cnn_3dobj cudaarithm cudabgsegm cudacodec cudafeatures2d cudafilters cudaimgproc cudalegacy cudaobjdetect cudaoptflow cudastereo cudawarping cudev dnn_modern java matlab ovis python2 python3 viz

--     Applications:                tests perf_tests examples apps

--     Documentation:               NO

--     Non-free algorithms:         NO

--

--   GUI:

--     QT:                          YES (ver 5.5.)

--       QT OpenGL support:         YES (Qt5::OpenGL 5.5.)

--     GTK+:                        NO

--     OpenGL support:              YES (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libGLU.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libGL.so)

--     VTK support:                 NO

--

--   Media I/O:

--     ZLib:                        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so (ver 1.2.)

--     JPEG:                        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libjpeg.so (ver )

--     WEBP:                        build (ver encoder: 0x020e)

--     PNG:                         /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpng.so (ver 1.2.)

--     TIFF:                        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtiff.so (ver  / 4.0.)

--     JPEG :                   /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libjasper.so (ver 1.900.)

--     OpenEXR:                     /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libImath.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libIlmImf.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libIex.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libHalf.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libIlmThread.so (ver 2.2.)

--

--   Video I/O:

--     DC1394:                      YES (ver 2.2.)

--     FFMPEG:                      YES

--       avcodec:                   YES (ver 56.60.)

--       avformat:                  YES (ver 56.40.)

--       avutil:                    YES (ver 54.31.)

--       swscale:                   YES (ver 3.1.)

--       avresample:                YES (ver 2.1.)

--     GStreamer:

--       base:                      YES (ver 0.10.)

--       video:                     YES (ver 0.10.)

--       app:                       YES (ver 0.10.)

--       riff:                      YES (ver 0.10.)

--       pbutils:                   YES (ver 0.10.)

--     libv4l/libv4l2:              NO

--     v4l/v4l2:                    linux/videodev2.h

--     gPhoto2:                     YES

--

--   Parallel framework:            TBB (ver 4.4 interface )

--

--   Trace:                         YES (with Intel ITT)

--

--   Other third-party libraries:

--     Intel IPP:                   2017.0. [2017.0.]

--            at:                   /home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment/opencv-3.4./build/3rdparty/ippicv/ippicv_lnx

--     Intel IPP IW:                sources (2017.0.)

--               at:                /home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment/opencv-3.4./build/3rdparty/ippicv/ippiw_lnx

--     Lapack:                      YES (/usr/lib/liblapack.so /usr/lib/libcblas.so /usr/lib/libatlas.so)

--     Eigen:                       YES (ver 3.2.)

--     Custom HAL:                  NO

--     Protobuf:                    build (3.5.)

--

--   NVIDIA CUDA:                   NO

--

--   OpenCL:                        YES (no extra features)

--     Include path:                /home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment/opencv-3.4./3rdparty/include/opencl/1.2

--     Link libraries:              Dynamic load

--

--   Python (for build):            /usr/bin/python3

--

--   Java:

--     ant:                         NO

--     JNI:                         NO

--     Java wrappers:               NO

--     Java tests:                  NO

--

--   Matlab:                        NO

--

--   Install to:                    /usr/local

-- -----------------------------------------------------------------

--

-- Configuring done

-- Generating done

-- Build files have been written to: /home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment/opencv-3.4./build

  我们可以发现，我们编译已经成功，可以进行下一步，即make，但是值得注意的是，如果用多核make可能会报错，为了保险起见，我还是原始的make命令，不加-j。

make

  然后安装。

sudo make install

  最后最好开启重启一次，本人曾安装过后，虚拟机重启直接奔溃，无法进入系统内部，主要原因不太清楚，但是进入到了某种图形模式，说是图形模式损坏，之后只好从备份的快照中恢复，当然也有当时可能装少了部分必要依赖项的可能性也说不定，建议安装的机器内存要大一点，4GB为一般，6GB不错，8GB很好。

运行测试

  我们运行例子进行测试。你可以选择任意例子，这里我选择在我的github的opencv例子进行测试。

git clone https://github.com/tanqiwei/myOpencvStudyCode.git

  大概几M的内容，然后进入myOpencvStudyCode/LearningOpencv3/chapter2/example2.

  接着按下面命令

mkdir build

cd build

cmake ..

make

./example2_1 ../data/test.jpg

  你可以发现运行成功，故而咱们安装顺利。会发现显示图片窗口，按ESC键退出。

重启后，发现还能开启，说明虚拟机的16.04的系统安装就成功了。

安装过程命令总结

# 安装及下载，该操作不解释，都放在一个统一目录下

# 我的是/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment

# 也就是在environment文件夹里有opencv-3.4.1和opencv_contrib-3.4.1两个文件夹

# 安装必备库，cmake,git,g++

sudo apt-get install build-essential

sudo apt-get install cmake git g++

# 安装依赖项

sudo apt-get install libgtk2.-dev pkg-config libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev libswscale-dev libv4l-dev liblapacke-dev

sudo apt-get install checkinstall yasm libxine2-dev libgstreamer0.-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base0.-dev libfaac-dev libmp3lame-dev libtheora-dev

sudo apt-get install libopencore-amrnb-dev libopencore-amrwb-dev libavresample-dev x264 v4l-utils

# 处理图像所需的包

sudo apt-get install libtbb2 libtbb-dev libjpeg-dev libpng-dev libtiff-dev libjasper-dev libdc1394--dev

# 处理视频所需的包

sudo apt-get install libxvidcore-dev libx264-dev ffmpeg

# opencv功能优化

sudo apt-get install libatlas-base-dev gfortran

# 某些依赖包

sudo apt-get install libopencv-dev  libqt4-dev qt4-qmake libqglviewer-dev libsuitesparse-dev libcxsparse3.1.4 libcholmod3.0.6

sudo apt-get install python-dev python-numpy

# 可选依赖项

sudo apt-get install libprotobuf-dev protobuf-compiler

sudo apt-get install libgoogle-glog-dev libgflags-dev

sudo apt-get install libgphoto2-dev libeigen3-dev libhdf5-dev doxygen

# 进入opencv源码目录，注意opencv和opencv_contrib同级，

# 即都属于同一个主目录下，我的目录为/home/tanqiwei/Documents/environment，

# 下面有opencv-3.4.1和opencv_contrib-3.4.

mkdir build

cd build

cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local -D INSTALL_C_EXAMPLES=ON -D INSTALL_PYTHON_EXAMPLES=ON -D WITH_TBB=ON -D WITH_V4L=ON -D WITH_QT=ON -D WITH_OPENGL=ON -D OPENCV_EXTRA_MODULES_PATH=../../opencv_contrib-3.4./modules -D PYTHON_EXECUTABLE=/usr/bin/python3. -D BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON ..

make