web框架开发-Django的Forms组件
2024-08-25 21:15:50
校验字段功能
针对一个实例：用户注册。
模型：models.py
class UserInfo(models.Model):
name=models.CharField(max_length=32)
pwd=models.CharField(max_length=32)
email=models.EmailField()
tel=models.CharField(max_length=32)
模板: reg.html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title> </head>
<body> <form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %} # 为了通过中间件检验
<div>
<label for="user">用户名</label>
<p><input type="text" name="name" id="name"></p>
</div>
<div>
<label for="pwd">密码</label>
<p><input type="password" name="pwd" id="pwd"></p>
</div>
<div>
<label for="r_pwd">确认密码</label>
<p><input type="password" name="r_pwd" id="r_pwd"></p>
</div>
<div>
<label for="email">邮箱</label>
<p><input type="text" name="email" id="email"></p>
</div>
<input type="submit">
</form> </body>
</html>
视图函数：reg
# forms组件
from django.forms import widgets wid_01=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})
wid_02=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}) class UserForm(forms.Form):
name=forms.CharField(max_length=32,
widget=wid_01
)
pwd=forms.CharField(max_length=32,widget=wid_02)
r_pwd=forms.CharField(max_length=32,widget=wid_02)
email=forms.EmailField(widget=wid_01)
tel=forms.CharField(max_length=32,widget=wid_01) def register(request): if request.method=="POST":
form=UserForm(request.POST) # 生成校验对象，接受客户端传过来的值，进行校验
if form.is_valid(): # 返回布尔值，校验的最后结果
print(form.cleaned_data) # 所有通过校验的字段以及对应的值
else:
print(form.cleaned_data) #
print(form.errors) # ErrorDict : {"校验错误的字段":["错误信息",]}
print(form.errors.get("name")) # ErrorList ["错误信息",]
return HttpResponse("OK") return render(request,"register.html",locals())
重要的点：
模板传过来的字段要和类的字段一一对应。
可以多，不能少。
如果有没有的值，即多了不存在字段，不会报错，不care没有的键值对。但是，若少了必然会是False
默认都有非空规则，如果需要的匹配的值，有找不到的，就会是False。
如果全部正确，才是True
如果有错误的，正确的放在form.cleaned_data,错误的放在forms.errors ，错误的信息作为值
forms.error.get(“xxx”)[0]取出错误信息，因为其本质的类型是一个字典
form.is_valid() :返回布尔值
form.cleaned_data :{"name":"yuan","email":"123@qq.com"}
form.errors :{"name":[".........."]}
渲染标签功能
为了更方便和快捷，以及防止输入出错，我么可以使用标签渲染
方式一
form=UserForm
{{form.字段名.lable }}
{{form.字段名 }}
需要在Form类中设置lable属性，显示别名（中文名）
view.py中
class UserForm(forms.Form):
name=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label='用户名')
pwd=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label='密码')
pwd_r=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label='确认密码')
tel=forms.CharField(label='手机号')
email=forms.EmailField(label='邮箱')
reg.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
<h3>注册页面</h3>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-offset-3"> <form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<div>
<label for="">用户名</label>
{{ form.name }}
</div>
<div>
<label for="">密码</label>
{{ form.pwd }}
</div>
<div>
<label for="">确认密码</label>
{{ form.r_pwd }}
</div>
<div>
<label for=""> 邮箱</label>
{{ form.email }}
</div> <input type="submit" class="btn btn-default pull-right">
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div> </body>
</html>
方式二
用for循环动态添加
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %} {% for field in form %}
<div>
<label for="">{{ field.label }}</label>
{{ field }}
</div>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" class="btn btn-default pull-right"> </form>
方式三
{{form.as_p }}，{{ forms.as_table }}，….有很多种
固定了样式，而且不易于操作，所以不建议使用
<form action="" method="post">
{% csrf_token %} {{ form.as_p }}
<input type="submit" class="btn btn-default pull-right"> </form>
显示错误与重置输入信息功能
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render # Create your views here.
from app01.models import *
from django import forms
from django.forms import widgets # 设置调整渲染的样式的模块 # 创建forms组件,用来校验输入
class UserForm(forms.Form):
name=forms.CharField(min_length=4, # 校验长度
label='用户名', # 设置别名
error_messages={"required":'该字段不能为空'}, # 错误信息提示更改为中文
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'})) # 添加class类的样式
pwd=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label='密码',
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}), # 设置成password类型，并添加样式
error_messages = {"required": '该字段不能为空'}
)
pwd_r=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label='确认密码',
error_messages={"required":'该字段不能为空'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'})
)
tel=forms.CharField(label='手机号',
error_messages={"required":'该字段不能为空','invalid':'格式错误'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'})
)
email=forms.EmailField(label='邮箱', error_messages={"required":'该字段不能为空','invalid':'格式错误'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'})
) def reg(request):
if request.method=="POST":
forms=UserForm(request.POST)
print('post')
if forms.is_valid():
print(forms.cleaned_data)
else:
print(forms.is_valid())
print(forms.cleaned_data)
print(forms.errors)
# 重要的一步放在这里，同时保留了传过来的值，所以前端在刷新的时候，之前的输入还会存在
return render(request,'reg.html',locals()) forms=UserForm() return render(request,'reg.html',locals())
模板reg.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css"
integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body>
<h3>渲染方式一</h3>
<form action="" method="post" novalidate>
{% csrf_token %}
<p>
{{ forms.name.label }}{{ forms.name }}
<span>{{ forms.name.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>
{{ forms.pwd.label }}{{ forms.pwd }}
<span>{{ forms.pwd.errors.0 }}</span> {#.0很重要 取到第一个错误，errors得到的是一个li标签列表#}
</p>
<p>
{{ forms.pwd_r.label }}{{ forms.pwd_r }}
<span>{{ forms.pwd_r.errors.0 }}</span> {#.0很重要#}
</p>
<p>
{{ forms.tel.label }}{{ forms.tel }}
<span>{{ forms.tel.errors.0 }}</span> {#.0很重要#}
</p>
<p>
{{ forms.email.label }}{{ forms.email }}
<span>{{ forms.email.errors.0 }}</span> {#.0很重要#}
</p>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
局部钩子与全局钩子
模板文件reg.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
<style>
.error{
color: red;
}
</style>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css"
integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">
</head>
<body> <div class="container"> <div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6 col-lg-offset-3">
<hr>
<h3>forms组件渲染方式1</h3>
<form action="" method="post" novalidate>
{% csrf_token %}
<p>{{ form.name.label }}
{{ form.name }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>{{ form.pwd.label }}
{{ form.pwd }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
</p>
<p>确认密码
{{ form.r_pwd }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.r_pwd.errors.0 }}</span>
<span class="pull-right error">{{ errors.0 }}</span> {# 全局错误 #}
</p>
<p>邮箱 {{ form.email }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.email.errors.0 }}</span></p>
<p>手机号 {{ form.tel }} <span class="pull-right error">{{ form.tel.errors.0 }}</span></p>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
视图函数views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
from app01.myforms import *
def reg(request):
if request.method=="POST":
print(request.POST)
#form=UserForm({"name":"yu","email":"123@qq.com","xxxx":"alex"})
form=UserForm(request.POST) # form表单的name属性值应该与forms组件字段名称一致
print(form.is_valid()) # 返回布尔值
if form.is_valid():
print(form.cleaned_data) # {"name":"yuan","email":"123@qq.com"}
else:
print(form.cleaned_data) # {"email":123@qq.com}
# 全局钩子错误
#print("error",form.errors.get("__all__")[0])
errors=form.errors.get("__all__")
return render(request,"reg.html",locals())
form=UserForm()
return render(request,"reg.html",locals())
将forms组件逻辑，新建文件单独放置
from django import forms from django.forms import widgets
from app01.models import UserInfo from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS, ValidationError class UserForm(forms.Form):
name=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="用户名",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})
)
pwd=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="密码",
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})
)
r_pwd=forms.CharField(min_length=4,label="确认密码",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}))
email=forms.EmailField(label="邮箱",error_messages={"required":"该字段不能为空","invalid":"格式错误"},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"}))
tel=forms.CharField(label="手机号",widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={"class":"form-control"})) def clean_name(self): # 局部钩子 val=self.cleaned_data.get("name") ret=UserInfo.objects.filter(name=val) if not ret:
return val
else:
raise ValidationError("该用户已注册!") def clean_tel(self): # 局部钩子 val=self.cleaned_data.get("tel") if len(val)==11: return val
else:
raise ValidationError("手机号格式错误") def clean(self): # 全局钩子
pwd=self.cleaned_data.get('pwd')
r_pwd=self.cleaned_data.get('r_pwd') if pwd and r_pwd:
if pwd==r_pwd:
return self.cleaned_data
else:
raise ValidationError('两次密码不一致')
else: return self.cleaned_data
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