[Python] Python 学习记录（2）

1.range(x,y)

[x,y)

>>> range(0,4) #0,1,2,3

>>> range(1,4) #1,2,3

2.dics

dics.get(key, default=None)

当key在dics中不存在时返回default的值，返回一个函数也是可以的

>>> dics = {

    0 : 'a',

    1 : 'b',

    2 : 'c'

}

>>> dics.get(1, 'not found')

'b'

>>> dics.get(4, 'not found')

'not found'

判断key在dic中是否存在

两种方法

__contains__('key')

'key' in d.keys()

>>> d = {'name':'jack', 'sex':1, 'age':33}

>>> d

{'name': 'jack', 'sex': 1, 'age': 33}

>>> d.__contains__('name')

True

>>> 'name' in d.keys()

True

foreach一个dic

j = {'key1' : 'value1', 'key2' : 'value2'}

for key, value in j.items(): # items()中每一项都是 tuple 类型，这里的key和value不是特定的关键字

    print(key)

    print(value)

# key1

# value1

# key2

# value2

单独循环key或者values

for k in j.keys():

    print(k)

for v in j.values():

    print(v)

3.读写文件

python中文件被分为两种,text or binary

text

读到的字符串经过了编码

每一行都以EOL(End of Line)结尾

\n on Unix

\r\n on Windows

在写入的字符串中加入'\n'会自动换行

binary

在mode后加上'b'

二进制方式读写文件

基本流程

open
write | read
close

with 相当于 using，自动close()

# mode r w a(append) r+(read and write)

with open('filepath','mode', encoding = 'utf-8') as file:

    file.write('aaa')

    file.read(size) # 读size个字符或byte

    file.readline()

    # from_what 0 (default)beginning of the file

    #           1 current file position

    #           2 end of file

    file.seek(offset, from_what)

    file.readlines()

写json

import json

with open('filepath', 'w', encoding = 'utf-8') as file:

    data = json.dumps(u'data', ensure_ascii = False)

    file.write(unicode(data))

python的json库只能序列化python的内置类型，如果是自定义的数据结构无法使用json.dumps序列化

可以使用jsonpickle

import jsonpickle

class Thing(object):

    def __init__(self, name):

        self.name = name

obj = Thing('Awesome')

jsn = jsonpickle.encode(obj) # 序列化，会带上类型信息用于反序列化

jsonpickle.decode(jsn) # 反序列化

jsn = jsonpickle.encode(obj, unpicklable=False) #序列化，不带类型信息

4. 判断某个class是否存在某个attribute

hasattr(class_a, 'attribute')

5. 判断某个变量是否是list

a = [1, 2, 3]

if isinstance(a, list):

    print('a is a list')

6. list.append()，引用传递

在li.append(a)之后对a进行修改，li中的数据也会改变

此时的a与li[0]指向同一块内存

>>> import scrapy

>>>

>>> class A(scrapy.Item):

...     post_id = scrapy.Field()

...     author_id = scrapy.Field()

>>>

>>> a = A(post_id = "post_id_1", author_id = "author_id_1")

>>> li = []

>>> li.append(a)

>>> print(li)

[{'author_id': 'author_id_1', 'post_id': 'post_id_1'}]

>>> a['post_id'] = 'post_id_2'

>>> print(li)

[{'author_id': 'author_id_1', 'post_id': 'post_id_2'}]

Reference

jsonpickle Documentation

巴特西