Sherman-Morrison公式

  Sherman-Morrison公式以 Jack Sherman 和 Winifred J. Morrison命名,在线性代数中,是求解逆矩阵的一种方法。本篇博客将介绍该公式及其应用,首先我们来看一下该公式的内容及其证明。

  (Sherman-Morrison公式)假设\(A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\)为可逆矩阵,\(u,v\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\)为列向量,则\(A+uv^{T}\)可逆当且仅当\(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u\neq 0\), 且当\(A+uv^{T}\)可逆时,该逆矩阵由以下公式给出:

\[(A+uv^{T})^{-1}=A^{-1}-{A^{-1}uv^{T}A^{-1} \over 1+v^{T}A^{-1}u}.
\]

证明:

\((\Leftarrow)\)当\(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u\neq 0\)时,令\(X=A+uv^{T}, Y=A^{-1}-{A^{-1}uv^{T}A^{-1} \over 1+v^{T}A^{-1}u}\),则只需证明\(XY=YX=I\)即可,其中\(I\)为n阶单位矩阵。

\[{\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}
XY&=(A+uv^{T})\left(A^{-1}-{A^{-1}uv^{T}A^{-1} \over 1+v^{T}A^{-1}u}\right)\\
&=AA^{-1}+uv^{T}A^{-1}-{AA^{-1}uv^{T}A^{-1}+uv^{T}A^{-1}uv^{T}A^{-1} \over 1+v^{T}A^{-1}u}\\
&=I+uv^{T}A^{-1}-{uv^{T}A^{-1}+uv^{T}A^{-1}uv^{T}A^{-1} \over 1+v^{T}A^{-1}u}\\
&=I+uv^{T}A^{-1}-{u(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u)v^{T}A^{-1} \over 1+v^{T}A^{-1}u}\\
&=I+uv^{T}A^{-1}-uv^{T}A^{-1}\\
&=I\end{aligned}}}
\]

同理,有\(YX=I\).因此,当\(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u\neq 0\)时,\((A+uv^{T})^{-1}=A^{-1}-{A^{-1}uv^{T}A^{-1} \over 1+v^{T}A^{-1}u}.\)

\((\Rightarrow)\)当\(u=0\)时,显然有\(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u=1\neq 0.\)当\(u\neq0\)时,用反正法证明该命题成立。假设\(A+uv^{T}\)可逆,但\(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u = 0\),则有

\[(A+uv^{T})A^{-1}u=u+u(v^{T}A^{-1}u)=(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u)u=0.
\]

因为\(A+uv^{T}\)可逆,故\(A^{-1}\)u=0,又因为\(A^{-1}\)可逆,故\(u=0\),此与假设\(u\neq 0\)矛盾。因此,当\(A+uv^{T}\)可逆时,有\(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u \neq 0.\)

Sherman-Morrison公式的应用

应用1:\(A=I\)时的Sherman-Morrison公式

  在Sherman-Morrison公式中,令\(A=I\),则有:\(I+uv^{T}\)可逆当且仅当\(1+v^{T}u\neq 0\), 且当\(I+uv^{T}\)可逆时,该逆矩阵由以下公式给出:

\[(I+uv^{T})^{-1}=I-{uv^{T} \over 1+v^{T}u}.
\]

  再令\(v=u\),则\(1+u^{T}u > 0\), 因此,\(I+uu^{T}\)可逆,且

\[(I+uu^{T})^{-1}=I-{uu^{T} \over 1+u^{T}u}.
\]

应用2:BFGS算法

  Sherman-Morrison公式在BFGS算法中的应用,可用来求解BFGS算法中近似Hessian矩阵的逆。本篇博客并不打算给出Sherman-Morrison公式在BFGS算法中的应用,将会再写篇博客介绍BFGS算法,到时再给出该公式的应用,并会在之后补上该博客的链接(因为笔者还没写)。

应用3:循环三对角线性方程组的求解

  本篇博客将详细讲述Sherman-Morrison公式在循环三对角线性方程组的求解中的应用。

  首先给给出理论知识介绍部分。

  对于\(A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}\)为可逆矩阵,\(u,v\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\)为列向量,\(1+v^{T}A^{-1}u\neq 0\),需要求解方程\((A+uv^{T})x=b.\)对此,我们可以先求解以下两个方程:

\[Ay=b,\qquad Az=u$$.
然后令$x=y-\frac{v^{T}y}{1+v^{T}z}z$,该解即为原方程的解,验证如下:
\]

{\displaystyle

{\begin{aligned}

(A+uv{T})x&=(A+uv{T})(y-\frac{v{T}y}{1+v{T}z}z)\

&=Ay+uv{T}y-\frac{v{T}y}{1+v{T}z}Az-\frac{v{T}y}{1+v{T}z}uv{T}z\

&=b+uv{T}y-\frac{v{T}yu+v{T}yuv{T}z}{1+v^{T}z}\

&=b+uv{T}y-\frac{(1+v{T}z)v{T}yu}{1+v{T}z}\

&=b+uv{T}y-uv{T}y\

&=b\end{aligned}}}

\[  这样将原方程$ (A+uv^{T})x=b$分成两个方程,可以在一定程度上简化原方程。接下来,我们将介绍循环三对角线性方程组的求解。
  所谓循环三对角线性方程组,指的是系数矩阵为如下形式:
\]

A=\begin{bmatrix}

b_1&c_1&0&\cdots&0&a_1\

a_2&b_2&c_2&0&\vdots&0\

0&\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&0&\vdots\

\vdots&\vdots&a_{n-2}&b_{n-2}&c_{n-2}&0\

0&\cdots&\cdots&a_{n-1}&b_{n-1}&c_{n-1}\

c_n&0&\cdots&0&a_n&b_n\end{bmatrix}

\[循环三对角线性方程组可写成$Ax=d$,其中$d=(d_{1},d_2,...,d_{n})^{T}.$
  对于此方程的求解,我们令$u=(\gamma, 0,0,...,c_{n})^{T}, v=(1,0,0,...,\frac{a_1}{\gamma})^{T}$, 且$A=A^{'}+uv^{T}$,其中$A^{'}$如下:
\]

A^{'}=\begin{bmatrix}

b_1-\gamma&c_1&0&\cdots&0&0\

a_2&b_2&c_2&0&\vdots&0\

0&\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&0&\vdots\

\vdots&\vdots&a_{n-2}&b_{n-2}&c_{n-2}&0\

0&\cdots&\cdots&a_{n-1}&b_{n-1}&c_{n-1}\

0&0&\cdots&0&a_n&b_n-\frac{a_1c_n}{\gamma}\end{bmatrix}

\[$A^{'}$为三对角矩阵。根据以上的理论知识,我们只需要求解以下两个方程
$$A^{'}y=d,\qquad A^{'}z=u,\]

然后,就能根据\(y,z\)求出\(x\).而以上两个方程为三对角线性方程组,可以用追赶法(或Thomas法)求解,具体算法可以参考博客:三对角线性方程组(tridiagonal systems of equations)的求解 。

  综上,我们利用Sherman-Morrison公式的思想,可以将循环三对角线性方程组转化为三对角线性方程组求解。我们将会在下面给出该算法的Python语言实现。

Python实现

  我们要解的循环三对角线性方程组如下:

\[{\begin{bmatrix}
4&1&{0}&{0}&{2}\\
{1}&{4}&{1}&{0}&{0}\\
{0}&{1}&{4}&{1}&{0}\\
{0}&{0}&{1}&{4}&{1}\\
{3}&{0}&{0}&{1}&{4}\\
\end{bmatrix}}
{\begin{bmatrix}{x_{1}}\\{x_{2}}\\{x_{3}}\\{x_{4}} \\{x_{5}}\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}{7\\6\\ 6\\6\\8}\\\end{bmatrix}}
\]

  用Python实现解该方程的Python完整代码如下:

# use Sherman-Morrison Formula and Thomas Method to solve cyclic tridiagonal linear equation

import numpy as np

# Thomas Method for soling tridiagonal linear equation Ax=d
# parameter: a,b,c,d are list-like of same length
# b: main diagonal of matrix A
# a: main diagonal below of matrix A
# c: main diagonal upper of matrix A
# d: Ax=d
# return: x(type=list), the solution of Ax=d
def TDMA(a,b,c,d): try:
n = len(d) # order of tridiagonal square matrix # use a,b,c to create matrix A, which is not necessary in the algorithm
A = np.array([[0]*n]*n, dtype='float64') for i in range(n):
A[i,i] = b[i]
if i > 0:
A[i, i-1] = a[i]
if i < n-1:
A[i, i+1] = c[i] # new list of modified coefficients
c_1 = [0]*n
d_1 = [0]*n for i in range(n):
if not i:
c_1[i] = c[i]/b[i]
d_1[i] = d[i] / b[i]
else:
c_1[i] = c[i]/(b[i]-c_1[i-1]*a[i])
d_1[i] = (d[i]-d_1[i-1]*a[i])/(b[i]-c_1[i-1] * a[i]) # x: solution of Ax=d
x = [0]*n for i in range(n-1, -1, -1):
if i == n-1:
x[i] = d_1[i]
else:
x[i] = d_1[i]-c_1[i]*x[i+1] x = [round(_, 4) for _ in x] return x except Exception as e:
return e # Sherman-Morrison Fomula for soling cyclic tridiagonal linear equation Ax=d
# parameter: a,b,c,d are list-like of same length
# b: main diagonal of matrix A
# a: main diagonal below of matrix A
# c: main diagonal upper of matrix A
# d: Ax=d
# return: x(type=list), the solution of Ax=d
def Cyclic_Tridiagnoal_Linear_Equation(a,b,c,d):
try:
# use a,b,c to create cyclic tridiagonal matrix A
n = len(d)
A = np.array([[0] * n] * n, dtype='float64') for i in range(n):
A[i, i] = b[i]
if i > 0:
A[i, i - 1] = a[i]
if i < n - 1:
A[i, i + 1] = c[i]
A[0, n - 1] = a[0]
A[n - 1, 0] = c[n - 1] gamma = 1 # gamma can be set freely
u = [gamma] + [0] * (n - 2) + [c[n - 1]]
v = [1] + [0] * (n - 2) + [a[0] / gamma] # modify the coefficient to form A'
b[0] -= gamma
b[n - 1] -= a[0] * c[n - 1] / gamma
a[0] = 0
c[n - 1] = 0 # solve A'y=d, A'z=u by using Thomas Method
y = np.array(TDMA(a, b, c, d))
z = np.array(TDMA(a, b, c, u)) # use y and z to calculate x
# x = y-(v·y)/(1+v·z) *z
# x is the solution of Ax=d
x = y - (np.dot(np.array(v), y)) / (1 + np.dot(np.array(v), z)) * z x = [round(_, 3) for _ in x] return x except Exception as e:
return e def main():
'''
equation:
A = [[4,1,0,0,2],
[1,4,1,0,0],
[0,1,4,1,0],
[0,0,1,4,1],
[3,0,0,1,4]]
d = [7,6,6,6,8]
solution x should be [1,1,1,1,1]
''' a = [2, 1, 1, 1, 1]
b = [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
c = [1, 1, 1, 1, 3]
d = [7, 6, 6, 6, 8] x = Cyclic_Tridiagnoal_Linear_Equation(a,b,c,d)
print('The solution is %s'%x) main()

输出结果如下:

The solution is [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]

参考文献

  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman–Morrison_formula
  2. http://wwwmayr.in.tum.de/konferenzen/Jass09/courses/2/Soldatenko_paper.pdf
  3. https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/10137/solving-system-of-linear-equations-with-cyclic-tridiagonal-matrix
  4. https://blog.csdn.net/jclian91/article/details/80251244

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