python Request模块

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Request的五种请求方式

方法	说明
requests.request()	构造一个请求，支撑以下各方法的基础方法
requests.get()	获取HTML网页的主要方法，对应于HTTP的GET
requests.head()	获取HTML网页头信息的方法，对应于HTTP的HEAD
request.post()	向HTML网页提交POST请求的方法，对应于HTTP的POST
request.put()	向HTML网页提交PUT请求的方法，对应于HTTP的PUT
request.patch()	向HTML网页提交局部修改请求，对应于HTTP的PATCH
request.delete()	向HTML页面提交删除请求，对应于HTTP的DELETE

一：request.get()：

源码：

 def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):

     r"""Sends a GET request.

     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

     :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send

         in the body of the :class:`Request`.

     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.

     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object

     :rtype: requests.Response

     """

     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)

     return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)

requst.get()源码

参数解析及使用

 import requests

 r=requests.request('post','http://www.oldboyedu.com',params={'k1':'python'})

 print(r.url)

 #https://www.oldboyedu.com/?k1=python

get参数使用

response对象的属性

属性	说明
r.status_code	HTTP请求的返回状态，200表示连接成功，404表示失败
r.text	HTTP响应内容的字符串形式，即，url对应的页面内容
r.encoding	从HTTP header中猜测的响应内容编码方式
r.apparent_encoding	从内容分析出的响应内容编码方式（备选编码方式）
r.content	HTTP响应内容的二进制形式
r.json	返回json数据
r.request	返回请求方式
r.headers	返回请求头
r.cookies	返回cookie

理解Response的编码

属性	说明
r.encoding	从HTTP header中猜测的响应内容编码方式
r.apparent_encoding	从内容中分析出的响应内容编码方式（备选编码方式）

r.encoding：如果header中不存在charset，则认为编码为ISO-8859-1
r.apparent_encoding：根据网页内容分析出的编码方式。

理解Requests库的异常

异常	说明
requests.ConnectionError	网络连接错误异常，如DNS查询失败、拒绝连接等
requests.HTTPError	HTTP错误异常
requests.URLRequired	URL缺失异常
requests.TooMangRedirects	超过最大重定向次数，产生重定向异常
requests.ConnectTimeout	连接远程服务器超时异常
requests.Timeout	请求URL超时，产生超时异常
r.raise_for_status()	如果不是200，产生异常requests.HTTPError

更多参数

     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.

     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

     :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send

         in the body of the :class:`Request`.

     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like

         object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

     :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.

     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.

     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.

         ``file-tuple`` can be a -tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, -tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``

         or a -tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string

         defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers

         to add for the file.

     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.

     :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data

         before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read

         timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.

     :type timeout: float or tuple

     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.

     :type allow_redirects: bool

     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.

     :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify

             the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path

             to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.

     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.

     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.

request.request()的参数

参数运用

params

      # - 可以是字典

     # - 可以是字符串

     # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

     # requests.request(method='get',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

params参数

json

     # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)

     # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}

json参数

headers

     # 发送请求头到服务器端

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},

                      headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}

                      )

header参数

cookies

     # 发送Cookie到服务器端

     requests.request(method='POST',

                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},

                      cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},

                      )

files

     # 发送文件

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     # files=file_dict)

     # 发送文件，定制文件名

     # file_dict = {

     #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': ''})

     # }

     # requests.request(method='POST',

     #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',

     #                  files=file_dict)

files

auth

     from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

     ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))

     print(ret.text)

     # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',

     # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))

     # ret.encoding = 'gbk'

     # print(ret.text)

     # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))

     # print(ret)

     #

auth参数

timeout

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=)

     # print(ret)

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(, ))

     # print(ret)

     pass

 第一个时间为链接时间，第二个时间为服务器发送第一个数据的时间

tineout

allow-redirects：是否允许重定向

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=)

     # print(ret)

     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(, ))

     # print(ret)

     pass

allow_redirects

proxies：设置代理

     # proxies = {

     # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",

     # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",

     # }

     # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

     # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)

     # print(ret.headers)

     # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth

     #

     # proxyDict = {

     # 'http': '77.75.105.165',

     # 'https': '77.75.105.165'

     # }

     # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')

     #

     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)

     # print(r.text)

proxies

stream:相当于下一点保存一点

     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)

     print(ret.content)

     ret.close()

     # from contextlib import closing

     # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:

     # # 在此处理响应。

     # for i in r.iter_content():

     # print(i)

stream

verify:指定是否进行https认证

requests.get('https://kennethreitz.org',verify=False)

cert是保存本地ssl证书路径的字段

requests.get('https://kennethreitz.org',cert=('/path/client.cert','/path/client.key'))

其中data参数中的数据型类型只能是字符串，列表，数字，文件，不可以再数据里提交字典

json参数中的数据类型可以试字符串，列表，数字，还有字典，可序列化对象

requests库的session对象能够帮我们跨请求保持某些参数，也会在同一个session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies

参考：

链接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/d78982126318

巴特西

python Request模块

response对象的属性

理解Response的编码

理解Requests库的异常

requests库的session对象能够帮我们跨请求保持某些参数，也会在同一个session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies

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