我的Python升级打怪之路【二】：Python的基本数据类型及操作
2024-08-27 15:40:48
基本数据类型
1.数字
int(整型)
在32位机器上，整数的位数是32位，取值范围是-2**31~2--31-1
在64位系统上，整数的位数是64位，取值范围是-2**63~2**63-1
class int(object):
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
"""
def bit_length(self):
"""
返回表示该数字的时候占用的最小位数
"""
return 0 def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
pass @classmethod # known case
def from_bytes(cls, bytes, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
pass def to_bytes(self, length, byteorder, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown; NOTE: unreliably restored from __doc__
pass def __abs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 返回绝对值 """
pass def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self+value. """
pass def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self&value. """
pass def __bool__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" self != 0 """
pass def __ceil__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Ceiling of an Integral returns itself. """
pass def __divmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 相除，的得到商和余数组成的元组 """
pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self==value. """
pass def __float__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 转换位浮点数 """
pass def __floordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self//value. """
pass def __floor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Flooring an Integral returns itself. """
pass def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
''' 内部调用__new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 '''
pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>=value. """
pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>value. """
pass def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 如果对象object位哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，
哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值相等，则哈希值也相等
"""
pass def __index__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 用于切片 """
pass def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
"""
int(x=0) -> integer
int(x, base=10) -> integer Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is a number, return x.__int__(). For floating point
numbers, this truncates towards zero. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string,
bytes, or bytearray instance representing an integer literal in the
given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded
by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.
Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __int__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 转化为整数 """
pass def __invert__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" ~self """
pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<=value. """
pass def __lshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<<value. """
pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<value. """
pass def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self%value. """
pass def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self*value. """
pass def __neg__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" -self """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self!=value. """
pass def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self|value. """
pass def __pos__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" +self """
pass def __pow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 幂，次方 """
pass def __radd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value+self. """
pass def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value&self. """
pass def __rdivmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return divmod(value, self). """
pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
pass def __rfloordiv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value//self. """
pass def __rlshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value<<self. """
pass def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value%self. """
pass def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value*self. """
pass def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value|self. """
pass def __round__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Rounding an Integral returns itself.
Rounding with an ndigits argument also returns an integer.
"""
pass def __rpow__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return pow(value, self, mod). """
pass def __rrshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value>>self. """
pass def __rshift__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>>value. """
pass def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value-self. """
pass def __rtruediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value/self. """
pass def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value^self. """
pass def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns size in memory, in bytes """
pass def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 转化为阅读的形式，如果没有适合于人阅读的形式则返回解释器阅读的形式 """
pass def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self-value. """
pass def __truediv__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self/value. """
pass def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整数中无意义 """
pass def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self^value. """
pass denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""分母 = 1""" imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""虚数，无意义""" numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""分子 = 数字大小""" real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""实数，无意义"""
int源代码剖析
数值的类型：
2.布尔值
真或假
1 或 0
3.字符串
"hello python" 一个标准的字符串
字符串的常用操作：
- 移除空白
- 分割
- 长度
- 索引
- 切片
class str(object):
"""
str(object='') -> str
str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
or repr(object).
encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
errors defaults to 'strict'.
"""
def capitalize(self):
"""
首字母大写
"""
return "" def casefold(self):
"""
S.casefold() -> str Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.
"""
return "" def center(self, width, fillchar=None):
"""
内容居中，width:总长度;fillchar:空白处填充内容，默认为''
"""
return "" def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""
子序列个数
"""
return 0 def encode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
"""
编码，针对unicode
"""
return b"" def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None):
"""
判断是否是以xxx结束
"""
return False def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8):
"""
将tab转换为空格，默认一个tab转换为8个空格
"""
return "" def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""
寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回-1
"""
return 0 def format(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""
字符串格式化，动态参数
"""
pass def format_map(self, mapping):
"""
S.format_map(mapping) -> str Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
"""
return "" def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None):
"""
子序列的位置，如果没有 报错
"""
return 0 def isalnum(self):
"""
是否是字母和数字
"""
return False def isalpha(self):
"""
是否是字母
"""
return False def isdecimal(self):
"""
S.isdecimal() -> bool Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
False otherwise.
"""
return False def isdigit(self):
"""
是否是数字
"""
return False def isidentifier(self):
"""
S.isidentifier() -> bool Return True if S is a valid identifier according
to the language definition. Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers
such as "def" and "class".
"""
return False def islower(self):
"""
是否小写
"""
return False def isnumeric(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.isnumeric() -> bool Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
False otherwise.
"""
return False def isprintable(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.isprintable() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are considered
printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.
"""
return False def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.isspace() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.istitle() -> bool Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
Return False otherwise.
"""
return False def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.isupper() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
"""
return False def join(self, iterable):
"""
可用于拼接字符串
"""
return "" def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None):
"""
内容左对齐，右侧填充
"""
return "" def lower(self):
"""
变小写
"""
return "" def lstrip(self, chars=None):
"""
移除左侧空白
"""
return "" def maketrans(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return a translation table usable for str.translate(). If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
"""
pass def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not
found, return S and two empty strings.
"""
pass def replace(self, old, new, count=None):
"""
替换
"""
return "" def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure.
"""
return 0 def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional
arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
"""
return 0 def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
"""
return "" def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
"""
pass def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
return [] def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.rstrip([chars]) -> str Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
"""
return "" def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
"""
分割，maxsplit分割多少次
"""
return [] def splitlines(self, keepends=None):
"""
根据换行进行分割
"""
return [] def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None):
"""
是否起始
"""
return False def strip(self, chars=None):
"""
移除两端的空白
"""
return "" def swapcase(self):
"""
大小写之间的转换
"""
return "" def title(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.title() -> str Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.
"""
return "" def translate(self, table):
"""
转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合
"""
return "" def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.upper() -> str Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.
"""
return "" def zfill(self, width):
"""
返回固定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0
"""
return "" def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self+value. """
pass def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return key in self. """
pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self==value. """
pass def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
S.__format__(format_spec) -> str Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
"""
return "" def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self[key]. """
pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>=value. """
pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>value. """
pass def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return hash(self). """
pass def __init__(self, value='', encoding=None, errors='strict'): # known special case of str.__init__
"""
str(object='') -> str
str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
or repr(object).
encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
errors defaults to 'strict'.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement iter(self). """
pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return len(self). """
pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<=value. """
pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<value. """
pass def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self%value. """
pass def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self*value.n """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self!=value. """
pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value%self. """
pass def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self*value. """
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
pass def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return str(self). """
pass
Str源码剖析
4.列表
创建列表：
list1 = ['','',3] list2 = list( ['','',3] )
基本操作：
- 索引
- 切片
- 追加
- 删除
- 长度
- 切片
- 循环
- 包含
class list(object):
"""
list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
"""
def append(self, p_object):
""" list添加数据的常用方法 """
pass def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L """
pass def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L """
return [] def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 计数 """
return 0 def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
pass def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
return 0 def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
pass def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
弹出
"""
pass def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
移除
"""
pass def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
pass def sort(self, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE* """
pass def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self+value. """
pass def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return key in self. """
pass def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Delete self[key]. """
pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self==value. """
pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>=value. """
pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>value. """
pass def __iadd__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement self+=value. """
pass def __imul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement self*=value. """
pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
"""
list() -> new empty list
list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement iter(self). """
pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return len(self). """
pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<=value. """
pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<value. """
pass def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self*value.n """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self!=value. """
pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
pass def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self*value. """
pass def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Set self[key] to value. """
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
pass __hash__ = None
List源码剖析
5.元组
创建元组：
ages1 = (1,2,3,) ages2 = tuple((1,2,3,))
基本操作：
- 索引
- 切片
- 循环
- 长度
- 包含
lass tuple(object):
"""
tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
"""
def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
return 0 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
"""
return 0 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
pass def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.
"""
pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
"""
tuple() -> empty tuple
tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
pass
元组源码剖析
6.字典
创建字典：
dict1 = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
dict2 =dict({'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'})
常用操作：
- 索引
- 新增
- 删除
- 键、值、键值对的操作
- 循环
- 长度
class dict(object):
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
""" def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 清除内容 """
""" D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """
pass def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 浅拷贝 """
""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
pass @staticmethod # known case
def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
v defaults to None.
"""
pass def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
""" D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """
pass def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 是否有key """
""" D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
return False def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有项的列表形式 """
""" D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
return [] def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 项可迭代 """
""" D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
pass def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" key可迭代 """
""" D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
pass def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" value可迭代 """
""" D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
pass def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有的key列表 """
""" D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
return [] def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 获取并在字典中移除 """
"""
D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
"""
pass def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 获取并在字典中移除 """
"""
D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
"""
pass def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
""" D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
pass def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
""" 更新
{'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
[('name','sbsbsb'),]
"""
"""
D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
"""
pass def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有的值 """
""" D.values() -> list of D's values """
return [] def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
""" D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
pass def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
pass def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
pass def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
pass def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
return False def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
pass def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
pass def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
pass __hash__ = None
字典代码剖析
7.集合
set集合，一个无序而且不重复的元素集合
常用操作：
- 追加
- 删除
- 并集
- 交集
- 差集
class set(object):
"""
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Add an element to a set，添加元素 This has no effect if the element is already present.
"""
pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements from this set. 清除内容"""
pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝 """
pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在，B中不存在 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. 从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素"""
pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素，不存在不保错
"""
pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集 (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. 取交集并更更新到A中 """
pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. 如果没有交集，返回True，否则返回False"""
pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether another set contains this set. 是否是子序列"""
pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列"""
pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素
"""
pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素，不存在保错
"""
pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 对称差集 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称差集，并更新到a中 """
pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the union of sets as a new set. 并集 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """
pass
Set集合代码剖析
这里补充几点
1.for循环
用户按照顺序循环可迭代对象中的内容
li = [1,2,3] for item in li:
print(item)
2.enumrate与for循环连用
为可迭代对象添加序号
li = [1,2,3] for item_index,item_value in enumerate(li,1): #表示序号从1开始
print(item_index,item_value)
3.range和xrange
python2.x：
生成一个范围
print(range(1,10))
# 结果：[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] print(range(1,10,2))
# 结果：[1,3,5,7,9] print(range(10,0,-2))
# 结果：[10,8,6,4,2]
这里额外说一句：
xrange会返回一个生成器对象
python3.x:
Python3中取消了xrange，但是python3中的range返回的就是生成器对象
print(rage(0,10))
# 结果：range(0,10)
这里再补充几点：运算符
1.算数运算
2.比较运算
3.赋值运算
4.逻辑运算
5.成员运算
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