集合是一個無序的，不重複的數據組合，主要的作用如下

• 去重，把一個列表變成集合，就會自動去重了。
• 關係測試，測試二組數據之前的交集、差集、聯集等關係。

接下來我們來實作看看什麼是去重

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

print(list_1, type(list_1))

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} <class 'set'>

Process finished with exit code 0

觀察一下，發現原本有重複出現的數字已經不見了，而且這個列表也已經變成一個集合了

接下來我們來試試關係測試

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

print(list_1, list_2)

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}

Process finished with exit code 0

觀察上面代碼，這二個集合中，有沒有二個一樣的數字？那如何將這二個一樣的數字給取出來呢？

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

print(list_1, list_2)

print(list_1.intersection(list_2))   # 交集

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}

{4, 6}

Process finished with exit code 0

唔…成功取出來了，{4, 6}就是這二個集合的交集，所謂交集就是二個集合裡面都有的東西，A和B的交集寫作A ∩ B

如果做二個集合的聯集要怎麼取呢？

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

print(list_1, list_2)

print(list_1.union(list_2))          # 聯集

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 66, 9, 8, 22}

Process finished with exit code 0

唔…在觀察一下，發現這二個集合被合併成一個集合了，並且也做了去重，這個就叫做聯集， A和B的聯集通常寫作 A ∪ B

如果做二個集合的差集要怎麼取呢？

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

print(list_1, list_2)

print(list_1.difference(list_2))     # 差集 in list_1 but not in list_2

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}

{1, 3, 5, 9, 7}

Process finished with exit code 0

觀察一下，可以想像成把list_1這個集合減去list_1跟list_2的交集，就會是list_1的差集了，那…list_2的差集會是長什麼樣子呢？

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

print(list_1, list_2)

print(list_1.difference(list_2))     # 差集 in list_1 but not in list_2

print(list_2.difference(list_1))

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}

{1, 3, 5, 9, 7}

{0, 8, 2, 66, 22}

Process finished with exit code 0

唔…在仔細觀察一下，list_2的差集有什麼不同！是不是也發現{4, 6}這二個數字也不見了，只保留了{0, 8, 2, 66, 22}

除了這三個之外，還有沒有別的關係？是有的

接下來我們來試試子集

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

print(list_1, list_2)

print(list_1.issubset(list_2))       # 子集

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}

False

Process finished with exit code 0

咦，出現False，為什麼會出現false呢？

是因為list_1這個集合裡的數字，沒有完全符合list_2這個集合裡的數字，所以才會是False，那有子集就會有父集，那就來試試看list_2是不是list_1的父集？

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

print(list_1, list_2)

print(list_1.issubset(list_2))       # 子集

print(list_2.issuperset(list_1))     # 父集

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22}

False

False

Process finished with exit code 0

接下來我們來新增一個集合list_3，再試試剛剛那個子集跟父集，觀察一下，有什麼不同？

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])

print(list_1, list_2, list_3)

print(list_3.issubset(list_1))       # 子集

print(list_1.issuperset(list_3))     # 父集

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}

True

True

Process finished with exit code 0

唔…list_3是list_1的子集，反過來說，list_1是list_3的父集

再來試試對稱差集，觀察一下看看有什麼不同

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])

print(list_1, list_2, list_3)

print(list_1.symmetric_difference(list_2))

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}

{0, 1, 2, 66, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 22}

Process finished with exit code 0

唔，就是把二個集合裡所沒有的元素給取出來，所以就取出了{0, 1, 2, 66, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 22}，而{4, 6}是這二個集合都有的，所以就不取了

再來我們在新增一個集合叫list_4，當二個集合沒有交集的話，要怎麼判斷？

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])

list_4 = set([5, 6, 8])

print(list_1, list_2, list_3)

print(list_3.isdisjoint(list_4))		# Return True if two sets have a null intersection.

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}

True

Process finished with exit code 0

唔，有發現結果回應True，就代表set.isdisjoint()是判斷當二個集合沒有交集時，就返回True，那我在修改一下list_4，在觀察一下

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])

list_4 = set([5, 6, 7, 8])

print(list_1, list_2, list_3)

print(list_3.isdisjoint(list_4))

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}

False

Process finished with exit code 0

嗯！結果返回一個False，就代表list_3跟list_4是有交集的

用符號來表示交集、聯集、差集、對稱差集

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_2 = set([0, 2, 6, 66, 22, 8, 4])

list_3 = set([1, 3, 7])

list_4 = set([5, 6, 7, 8])

print(list_1, list_2, list_3)

print(list_1 & list_2)          # 交集(intersection)

print(list_1 | list_2)          # 聯集(Union)

print(list_1 - list_2)          # 差集(difference) in list_1 not in list_2

print(list_1 ^ list_2)          # 對稱差集(symmetric_difference)

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} {0, 2, 66, 4, 6, 8, 22} {1, 3, 7}

{4, 6}

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 66, 9, 8, 22}

{1, 3, 5, 9, 7}

{0, 1, 2, 66, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 22}

Process finished with exit code 0

再來我們來操作集合的新增、修改、刪除，先試試對一個集合做新增

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_1.add(44)

print(list_1)

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 44}

Process finished with exit code 0

再來新增多個數字到集合裡

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_1.add(44)

list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])

print(list_1)

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 1314, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}

Process finished with exit code 0

再來試試刪除的方法

Method 1: set.remove() 刪除元素，但刪除一個不存在的元素，會噴error

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_1.add(44)

list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])

list_1.remove(1314)

print(list_1)

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}

Process finished with exit code 0

Method 2: set.pop() 隨機任意刪，並且打印出刪除的元素

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_1.add(44)

list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])

list_1.remove(1314)

print(list_1)

print(list_1.pop())

print(list_1.pop())

print(list_1.pop())

print(list_1.pop())

print(list_1.pop())

print(list_1.pop())

print(list_1.pop())

print(list_1)

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}

1

3

4

5

6

7

520

{9, 44, 9527}

Process finished with exit code 0

Method 3: set.discard() 如果元素存在，就刪除，元素不存在，也不會噴error

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_1.add(44)

list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])

list_1.remove(1314)

print(list_1)

list_1.discard(9)

list_1.discard(999)    # 故意刪除一個不存在的，也不會報錯

print(list_1)

---------------執行結果---------------

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 44, 9527}

Process finished with exit code 0

計算集合的長度

#!/usr/bin/env python3

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

list_1 = [1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7, 9]

list_1 = set(list_1)

list_1.add(44)

list_1.update([9527, 520, 1314])

list_1.remove(1314)

print(len(list_1))

print(list_1)

---------------執行結果---------------

10

{1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 520, 9, 44, 9527}

Process finished with exit code 0

參考資料：

• 交集wiki
• 聯集wiki
• 差集wiki
• 子集wiki

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